Category: Language Learning

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Culture Experiences History Language Learning Theocratic

fàzhǐ

fàzhǐ (fà·zhǐ hair · {(to point with) finger → [to point]} → [hair to bristle up with anger] 发指 髮指) 👈🏼 Tap/click to show/hide the “flashcard”

[Notes: Tap/click on a Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to reveal its “flashcard”; tap/click on a “flashcard” or its Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to hide the “flashcard”. 📖 📄 📘 icons mean 📖 Reveal All, 📄 Reveal Advanced, and 📘 Reveal None re all the “flashcards” in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.]

One of the publications that is now recommended to be used on Bible studies is the Yǒngyuǎn Xiǎngshòu Měihǎo de Shēngmìng—Hùdòng Shì Shèngjīng Kèchéng ((Yǒng·yuǎn Eternally · {Far (in Time)} 永远 永遠) (Xiǎng·shòu Enjoy · Receive 享受) (Měi·hǎo Beautiful · Good 美好) (de ’s 的) (Shēngmìng Life 生命)—(Hù·dòng {Each Other} · Moving → [Interactive] 互动 互動) (Shì (Type 式) (Shèng·jīng Holy · Scriptures → [Bible] 圣经 聖經) (Kè·chéng Lessons · Procedure → [Course] 课程 課程) → [Enjoy Life Forever!—An Interactive Bible Course (lff)]) (Enjoy Life Forever! (lff)) book. This week’s MEotW, “fàzhǐ (fà·zhǐ hair · {(to point with) finger → [to point]} → [hair to bristle up with anger] 发指 髮指)”, appears in lesson 13, point 5 of this book:

English:

Religions have misrepresented God in many ways. One notorious way has been their involvement in war.

Mandarin (WOL, Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus):

📖 📄 📘 Cuòwù (Cuò·wù {staggered → [erroneous]} · false 错误 錯誤) de (’s 的) zōngjiào (zōng·jiào {schools of thought} · teachings → [religions] 宗教) zài (in 在) xǔduō (xǔ·duō numbers · many 许多 許多) fāngmiàn (fāng·miàn {directions → [sides]} · faces → [aspects] 方面) lìngrén (lìng·rén {have commanded → [have caused]} · people 令人) wùjiě (wù·jiě {being mistaken} · {to untie → [to solve] → [to understand]} → [to misunderstand] 误解 誤解) Shàngdì (Shàng·dì Above’s · {Emperor → [God]} → [God] 上帝), qízhōng (qí·zhōng them · among 其中) yí (one 一) ge ([mw] 个 個/个) jiùshì (jiù·shì exactly · is 就是) cānyù ({taking part in} 参与 參與/預) zhànzhēng (zhàn·zhēng war · contending → [war] 战争 戰爭). Zhèi (these 这 這) zhǒng ({kinds of} 种 種/种) xíngwéi (xíng·wéi {walkings → [doings]} · doings → [actions] 行为 行為) lìngrén (lìng·rén {command → [cause]} · people’s 令人)‐fàzhǐ (fà·zhǐ hair · {(to point with) finger → [to point]} → [hair to bristle up with anger] 发指 髮指).

The morphemes in “fàzhǐ (fà·zhǐ hair · {(to point with) finger → [to point]} → [hair to bristle up with anger] 发指 髮指)” literally mean “hair finger”. As it often is, though, here the morpheme literally meaning “finger” is used to effectively mean “to point”. Other expressions that use this morpheme in this way include “zhǐyǐn (zhǐ·yǐn {(pointing with) finger → [pointing]} · guiding; leading 指引)” and past MEotW “zhǐnán‐zhēn ((zhǐ·nán {(points with) finger → [points]} · south 指南)‐(zhēn needle 针 針) → [compass])”.

Asian Feelings

The above translation from the Enjoy Life Forever! book is an interesting one that’s technically more evocative than necessary to directly translate the meaning of the original English passage—the English word “notorious” is made to seem a bit abstract and intellectual compared to the visceral image from “fàzhǐ (fà·zhǐ hair · {(to point with) finger → [to point]} → [hair to bristle up with anger] 发指 髮指)” of anger so strong that it causes one’s hair to bristle and stand on end.

This reminds me of how, many years ago, when some of us used to have to act out Cantonese or Mandarin dramas for the conventions, we noticed that Cantonese or Mandarin recordings were sometimes noticeably more emotional than the corresponding original English recordings that we had been using for reference. While it has been a common stereotype that Chinese people (and other Asian people too) are “inscrutable” and relatively unemotional, the truth is that the human feelings that the relatively collectivist Asian cultures tend to suppress often end up just getting compressed, like steam in a pipe, and when the pressure gets to be too much, such feelings can end up getting expressed very intensely, maybe even explosively, when they finally are expressed.

Another factor is that sometimes, Westerners finding Easterners to be unemotional is just a matter of people of different cultures expressing emotions differently. This clip from the television show Star Trek: Strange New Worlds portrays an extreme, rather humorous fictional example of this:

Jesus’ Feelings

Seeing how profit-minded individuals had profaned his Father’s temple, Jesus was so moved by righteous indignation and zeal for Jehovah’s house that he went to the point of literally flipping tables. (John 2:14–17) The Bible also tells us that when some showed that they cared more about their Sabbath traditions than about giving practical help to those in serious need, Jesus was “looking around at them with indignation, being thoroughly grieved at the insensibility of their hearts”.—Mark 3:1–5.

Considering Jesus’ example of zeal for Jehovah, perhaps it’s quite appropriate to feel righteous indignation at how the world prioritizes glorifying human Chinese culture and preserving human traditions like those involving Chinese characters, when we are tasked with the urgent and actually more important work of effectively glorifying Jehovah (as the recently added song 159 encourages us to do) and helping Mandarin-speaking ones in spiritual need.

For convenience:

The direct link for the Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus resource for the Enjoy Life Forever! book is:

The short link for Chinese field language-learning links for the Enjoy Life Forever! book is:

More Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) and Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus web material based on the Mandarin Enjoy Life Forever! book will be made available in the Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus web resource as time allows.

Categories
Language Learning Science Technology Theocratic

qūshǐ

qūshǐ (qū·shǐ {spur on (a horse) → [urge on]} · make; cause → [prompt; urge; spur on] 驱使 驅使) 👈🏼 Tap/click to show/hide the “flashcard”

[Notes: Tap/click on a Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to reveal its “flashcard”; tap/click on a “flashcard” or its Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to hide the “flashcard”. 📖 📄 📘 icons mean 📖 Reveal All, 📄 Reveal Advanced, and 📘 Reveal None re all the “flashcards” in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.]

The Shēngmìng Láizì Chuàngzào Ma? ((Shēngmìng Life 生命) (Lái·zì Came · From 来自 來自) (Chuàng·zào Initiating · {Making, Creating} → [Creating] 创造 創造) (Ma [? ptcl for “yes/no” questions] 吗 嗎)? → [Was Life Created? (lc)]) (Was Life Created? (lc)) brochure and the Shēngmìng de Qǐyuán—Zhíde Sīkǎo de Wǔ Ge Wèntí ((Shēngmìng Life 生命) (de ’s 的) (Qǐ·yuán {Rising → [Starting]} · Source → [Origin] 起源/原)—(Zhí·de Worth · Getting → [Worth] 值得) (Sī·kǎo {Thinking About} · Examining 思考) (de ’s 的) (Wǔ Five 五) (Ge [mw] 个 個/个) (Wèn·tí Asking · Subjects → [Questions] 问题 問題) → [The Origin of Life—Five Questions Worth Asking (lf)]) (The Origin of Life—Five Questions Worth Asking (lf)) brochure were originally published back in 2010, but relatively recently, the English version of the Was Life Created? brochure was updated to the December 2022 Printing, and the Mandarin version of it was updated to the February 2023 Printing. Also, the Was Life Created? brochure and the Origin of Life brochure are now in the Teaching Toolbox section in the JW Library app. So, it would be good to consider some of the expressions used in the Mandarin versions of these publications that can be so helpful when discussing whether life was created.

Prompt

This week’s MEotW, which appears in the section of the Mandarin Was Life Created? brochure entitled “Nǐ (You 你) Xiāngxìn (Xiāng·xìn It · {Do Believe} → [Do Believe] 相信) Shénme (Shén·me What · [suf] 什么 什/甚麼) Ne ([? ptcl] 呢)?” (“What Do You Believe?”), is “qūshǐ (qū·shǐ {spur on (a horse) → [urge on]} · make; cause → [prompt; urge; spur on] 驱使 驅使)”:

English:

It is our hope that this brochure will prompt you to examine again the basis for some of your beliefs.

Mandarin (WOL; Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus)

📖 📄 📘 Wǒmen (Wǒ·men we · [pl] 我们 我們) xīwàng (xī·wàng hope · {gaze (into the distance) at (that) → [hope]} → [hope] 希望) běn ({root or stem of a} → [this] 本) cèzi (cè·zi brochure · [suf for nouns] 册子 冊子) néng ({will be able} 能) qūshǐ (qū·shǐ {to spur on (a horse) → [to urge on]} · {to cause} → [to prompt] 驱使 驅使) nǐ (you 你) chóngxīn (chóng·xīn again · newly 重新) xiǎngxiang (xiǎng·xiang {to think about} · {to think about} 想想) zìjǐ (self 自己) de (’s 的) kànfǎ (kàn·fǎ {looking at (some things)} · way 看法) yǒu ({does have} 有) shénme (shén·me what · [suf] 什么 什/甚麼) yījù (yī·jù {being relied on} · evidence → [basis] 依据 依據).

While the first morpheme in “qūshǐ (qū·shǐ {spur on (a horse) → [urge on]} · make; cause → [prompt; urge; spur on] 驱使 驅使)” seems to have originally had a literal meaning of “spur a horse on”—as hinted at by the “马/馬 (horse)” radical/character component in it—in the context of “qūshǐ (qū·shǐ {spur on (a horse) → [urge on]} · make; cause → [prompt; urge; spur on] 驱使 驅使)” it’s used to mean “urge on”. (Interestingly, this morpheme is also used in “xiānqū (xiān·qū {in advance} · {drives (a horse/car/etc.) → [runs quickly]} (person) → [pioneer] 先驱 先驅)” (“pioneer”), in which it probably has an effective meaning of “runs quickly”.) Combined with “shǐ (causing; making | using | sending | envoy | if 使)”, which in this context means “make” or “cause”, we get an effective meaning of “urge”, “spur on”, or “prompt”, as shown in the above example.

Bearing Witness in Mandarin

As the Was Life Created? brochure says, our objective in talking to people in the Mandarin field about whether life was created is just to prompt or encourage them to think about why they believe what they believe about this subject. That’s why we’re called Jehovah’s Witnesses—we bear witness and testify regarding the evidence.—Isaiah 43:10–12.

Of course, in the Mandarin field, we need to do this using the Mandarin language. Let us be prepared, not just to read Chinese characters from a page or a screen 📱, but to actually talk with people in Mandarin and help them understand the evidence that the Creator exists, and that he will through his Kingdom government make this earth into a peaceful paradise, without the wars, natural disasters, and other problems that we see around us today.

While evolution/creation can be a relatively technically challenging subject to talk to people about, especially in Mandarin, thankfully, Jehovah and his organization have provided excellent tools like the Was Life Created? brochure, the JW Language app (iOS/iPadOS, Android, Microsoft Store), etc. to help us. In general, the technology, tools, and resources now available to help with Mandarin language learning are also better than ever. (Links to some Mandarin field language-learning resources can be found here.) Let us each move forward with a positive attitude on our own personal Mandarin-learning journey, and not be held back by the traditions and limitations of the past.

For convenience:

The direct link for the current-generation Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus resource for the Was Life Created? brochure is:

The short link for Chinese field language-learning links for the Was Life Created? brochure is:

More Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) and Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus web material based on the Mandarin Was Life Created? brochure will be made available in the Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus web resource as time allows.

Categories
Culture Language Learning Science Technology Theocratic

guāngyīn

guāngyīn (guāng·yīn light · {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy) → [shade]} → [time [available]] 光阴 光陰) ← Tap/click to show/hide the “flashcard”

[Notes: Tap/click on a Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to reveal its “flashcard”; tap/click on a “flashcard” or its Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to hide the “flashcard”. 📖 📄 📘 icons mean 📖 Reveal All, 📄 Reveal Advanced, and 📘 Reveal None re all the “flashcards” in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.]

Rather than dismissively thinking to ourselves that the songs produced by the organization are “just songs”, we should remember that the slave class takes seriously its responsibility to provide spiritual food to God’s people, and so it is going to make sure that the lyrics in its songs are spiritually correct, while also being emotionally moving.—Ezekiel 33:32; Matthew 24:45.

Light and Shade

This week’s MEotW, “guāngyīn (guāng·yīn light · {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy) → [shade]} → [time [available]] 光阴 光陰)”, comes from the second verse of song 56, which is entitled “Make the Truth Your Own” in English and “Jiāng (Take 将 將) Zhēnlǐ (Zhēn·lǐ True · Reasoning → [the Truth] 真理) Zhēncáng (Zhēn·cáng {to Be Treasured} · {to Be Stored Up} 珍藏) zài (in 在) Xīnli (Xīn·li Heart · Inside 心里 心裡/裏)” in Mandarin:

English:

The effort you make and the time you are spending
In service to God and his Kingdom

Mandarin (WOL, Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus):

📖 📄 📘 Nǐ (you 你) bù (not 不)‐cí ({do take your leave from} → [do shrink from] 辞 辭/辤)‐xīnláo (xīn·láo {pungently → [labouriously]} · working 辛劳 辛勞), jìn ({expend to the limit} 尽 盡) quánlì (quán·lì whole · strength 全力) shànyòng (shàn·yòng {(for) good} · {to be using} 善用) guāngyīn (guāng·yīn light · {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy) → [shade]} → [time available] 光阴 光陰),
Nǔlì (Nǔ·lì exert · strength 努力) xuānyáng (xuān·yáng {to declare} · {to raise → [to make known]} 宣扬 宣揚) Wángguó (Wáng·guó King’s · Nation → [Kingdom] 王国 王國) hǎo (good 好) xiāoxi (xiāo·xi disappearing · news → [news] 消息).

Yin and Yang

While “guāng (light | {[is] bare}; {[is] naked} | {[is] used up} | only 光)” is a well-known Mandarin expression that means “light”, the situation with the other morpheme in this week’s MEotW is a little more complicated. “Yīn ({female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} [→ [the moon | covert; concealed; hidden; secret | implicit | negative (electric charge) | [is] overcast; dull; gloomy | shade | [is] sinister; treacherous | of the netherworld | genitalia] 阴 陰/隂)” is now used to effectively mean such common, everyday things as “overcast”, “shade”, or “negative (electric charge, etc.)”, but the meaning of “yīn ({female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} [→ [the moon | covert; concealed; hidden; secret | implicit | negative (electric charge) | [is] overcast; dull; gloomy | shade | [is] sinister; treacherous | of the netherworld | genitalia] 阴 陰/隂)” originally comes from Chinese philosophy—it’s the “yīn ({female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} [→ [the moon | covert; concealed; hidden; secret | implicit | negative (electric charge) | [is] overcast; dull; gloomy | shade | [is] sinister; treacherous | of the netherworld | genitalia] 阴 陰/隂)” in “yīnyáng (yīn·yáng {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} · {positive/active/male principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} [→ [yin and yang; opposites]] 阴阳 陰陽)” (Wikipedia article).

The “yáng ({positive/active/male principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} [→ [sun | solar | open; overt | belonging to this world | positive (electric charge) | male]] 阳 陽)” in “yīnyáng (yīn·yáng {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} · {positive/active/male principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} [→ [yin and yang; opposites]] 阴阳 陰陽)” also appears in “tàiyáng (tài·yáng highest · {positive/active/male principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} → [sun] 太阳 太陽)”, the Mandarin word for “sun”. The examples of this week’s MEotW and of “tàiyáng (tài·yáng highest · {positive/active/male principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} → [sun] 太阳 太陽)” show us how much Chinese philosophy is woven through the Chinese languages like Mandarin, to the extent that it may be practically impossible to completely avoid using in everyday speech words with allusions to Chinese philosophy. Of course, we know that Chinese philosophy as a whole, having originated with mere humans, is inevitably going to clash at least in some ways with God’s truth, but in this linguistic situation, in which people in general hardly ever think of the connections to Chinese philosophy that some everyday Mandarin words have, the organization has decided that it’s acceptable, or at least tolerable, to use a word like “guāngyīn (guāng·yīn light · {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy) → [shade]} → [time [available]] 光阴 光陰)” in the lyrics of one of its songs.

A Distracting “Easter Egg”

In one of those cute “easter egg”-type indulgences connecting visual design with meaning that many seem to enjoy, the Simplified characters for “yīnyáng (yīn·yáng {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} · {positive/active/male principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} [→ [yin and yang; opposites]] 阴阳 陰陽)”, “阴阳”, employ the radicals/character components representing the moon (月) and the sun (日) respectively. This relates to “yīn ({female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} [→ [the moon | covert; concealed; hidden; secret | implicit | negative (electric charge) | [is] overcast; dull; gloomy | shade | [is] sinister; treacherous | of the netherworld | genitalia] 阴 陰/隂)” literally meaning “female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)” and sometimes being used to mean “moon”, and “yáng ({positive/active/male principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} [→ [sun | solar | open; overt | belonging to this world | positive (electric charge) | male]] 阳 陽)” literally meaning “positive/active/male principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)” and sometimes being used to mean “sun”.

To try to be the adult in the room, though, here I need to remind everyone that the way Jehovah created us, the primary focus of human language involves using invisible speech—not visible visual elements—to directly represent meaning. As linguists hold, speech is primary, and writing is secondary. Cute “easter egg”-type indulgences involving the visual designs of some characters may be delightful to some on a mental, “that’s clever” level, but unfortunately, they can and do distract people from the basic linguistic truth that speech is primary, similarly to how visible idols distract people from the basic truth that God is actually a powerful but invisible Spirit, not a physical statue or image.—1 Corinthians 14:8–11.

The Time Available

Anyway, on one level of literalness, “guāngyīn (guāng·yīn light · {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy) → [shade]} → [time [available]] 光阴 光陰)” means “light-shade”. This apparently refers to the alternating lightenings and darkenings of the skies as each day—along with its time—passes. The result is that “guāngyīn (guāng·yīn light · {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy) → [shade]} → [time [available]] 光阴 光陰)” is used to effectively mean “time”, or “time available”. (This may be an echo of the truth spoken of at Genesis 1:14, that God set up “luminaries in the expanse of the heavens” to “serve as signs for seasons and for days and years”.) Regardless of the origin of part of “guāngyīn (guāng·yīn light · {female/passive/negative principle in nature (Chinese philosophy) → [shade]} → [time [available]] 光阴 光陰)”, let us be determined to spend well in God’s service whatever time we have available to us. We should especially be careful to do so, since, as dedicated ones, our limited time belongs, not just to ourselves, but to Jehovah.—1 Corinthians 10:31.

In this regard, one thing that we should especially keep in mind as Mandarin field language learners is that the unnecessary, self-indulgent complexities and vagaries of Chinese characters can use up much of our precious available time—which, for us dedicated ones, belongs to Jehovah—if we allow them to. With the above-mentioned linguistic and scriptural information in mind, make sure to only spend whatever time is necessary to spend on Chinese characters, which originated with mere humans and which are imposed merely by tradition. (Hebrews 12:1) Let us focus instead on cultivating God’s gift of speech in the Mandarin field, perhaps with the assistance of the modern, elegant, and efficient Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) writing system.

SVG Technology and Lyrics Links

“guāngyīn” _Pīnyīn_ Plus info, Song 56 (music+_Pīnyīn_), on iPhone 13 mini (landscape orientation)

In the unofficial “Sing Out Joyfully” Bk. (Pīnyīn+Music, Pīnyīn Plus, Web) language-learning resource, some songs now use SVG technology to enable links (rendered in blue) in the musical notation’s Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) lyrics. When tapped/clicked, these will display Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus “flashcards”. For example, as shown above, this resource’s rendition of song 56, from which this week’s MEotW comes, uses this technology. More such links will gradually be added as time allows.

For convenience:

The direct link for the Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus resource for the “Sing Out Joyfully” book is:

The short link for Chinese field language-learning links for the “Sing Out Joyfully” book is:

More Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) and Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus web material based on the Mandarin “Sing Out Joyfully” book will be made available in the Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus web resource as time allows.