Tag: Related Expressions

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kǒngbù huódòng

kǒngbù huódòng ((kǒng·bù fearing · terror → [terrorist] 恐怖) (huó·dòng living · moving → [activities] 活动 活動) → [terrorism; terrorist activities]) ← Tap/click to show/hide the “flashcard”

[Notes: Tap/click on a Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to reveal its “flashcard”; tap/click on a “flashcard” or its Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to hide the “flashcard”. 📖 📄 📘 icons mean 📖 Reveal All, 📄 Reveal Advanced, and 📘 Reveal None re all the “flashcards” in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.]

With what’s currently going on in the world, at the time of this writing, jw.org was featuring the article “Will Terrorism Ever End?”. Where the English version of this article uses the word “terrorism”, the Mandarin version uses this week’s MEotW, “kǒngbù huódòng ((kǒng·bù fearing · terror → [terrorist] 恐怖) (huó·dòng living · moving → [activities] 活动 活動) → [terrorism; terrorist activities])”. For example, the titles of the English and Mandarin versions of the article are rendered as follows:

English:

Will Terrorism Ever End?

Mandarin:

📖 📄 📘 Kǒngbù Huódòng ((Kǒng·bù Fearing · Terror → [Terrorist] 恐怖) (Huó·dòng Living · Moving → [Activities] 活动 活動) → [Terrorism]) Huì (Will 会 會) Yǒu (Have 有) Zhōngzhǐ (Zhōng·zhǐ Ending · Stopping 终止 終止) de (’s 的) Yì (One 一) Tiān (Sky → [Day] 天) Ma ([? ptcl for “yes/no” questions] 吗 嗎)?

Morphemic Breakdown

In “kǒngbù huódòng ((kǒng·bù fearing · terror → [terrorist] 恐怖) (huó·dòng living · moving → [activities] 活动 活動) → [terrorism; terrorist activities])”, “kǒngbù (kǒng·bù fearing · terror | terrifying · frightening [→ [terror; horror | horrible | terrorist (adj)]] 恐怖)” is made up of morphemes that literally mean “fearing” and “terror”, and that together effectively mean “terrorist” (used as an adjective) in this context. Another expression in which “kǒngbù (kǒng·bù fearing · terror | terrifying · frightening [→ [terror; horror | horrible | terrorist (adj)]] 恐怖)” is used this way is “kǒngbù fènzǐ ((kǒng·bù fearing · terror → [terrorist] 恐怖) (fèn·zǐ {component; part; portion (of a whole)} · person → [member (of a class or group)] 分子) → [terrorist (person)])”, which means “terrorist”, that is, a person who is a terrorist.

As for “huódòng (huó·dòng living · moving → [activities] | {to be living → [to be moving]} · {to move} 活动 活動)”, its morphemes literally mean “living” and “moving”, and, in the context of “kǒngbù huódòng ((kǒng·bù fearing · terror → [terrorist] 恐怖) (huó·dòng living · moving → [activities] 活动 活動) → [terrorism; terrorist activities])”, together they effectively mean “activities”. On one level of literalness, then, “kǒngbù huódòng ((kǒng·bù fearing · terror → [terrorist] 恐怖) (huó·dòng living · moving → [activities] 活动 活動) → [terrorism; terrorist activities])” means “terrorist activities”. From there, it’s easy to see how it came to correspond with “terrorism”.

Mandarin -isms

“Terrorism” is but one of the world’s many -isms. Below are some other Mandarin expressions, besides “huódòng (huó·dòng living · moving → [activities] | {to be living → [to be moving]} · {to move} 活动 活動)”, used to construct the Mandarin equivalents of various English -isms, along with examples of them in use:

  • zhǔyì (zhǔ·yì master · meaning → [doctrine; ideology; -ism] 主义 主義)

    • guójiā zhǔyì ((guó·jiā nation · family → [nation] 国家 國家) (zhǔ·yì master · meaning → [-ism] 主义 主義) → [nationalism])
    • zhǒngzú zhǔyì ((zhǒng·zú kind · race → [race] 种族 種族) (zhǔ·yì master · meaning → [-ism] 主义 主義) → [racism; ethnocentrism])
    • chuántǒng zhǔyì ((chuán·tǒng {passed on} · {gathered together (things) → [interconnected system]} → [tradition] 传统 傳統) (zhǔ·yì master · meaning → [-ism] 主义 主義) → [traditionalism])
  • lùn (discussing → [theory; doctrine; -ism | view; opinion] 论 論)

    • wúshén lùn ((wú·shén no · God 无神 無神) (lùn discussing → [-ism] 论 論) → [atheism])
    • bùkězhī lùn ((bù·kě·zhī not · can · {be known} → [[is] unknowable] 不可知) (lùn discussing → [-ism] 论 論) → [agnosticism])
  • jīngshén (spirit [→ [mind; mental state; psycho-; -ism]] 精神)

    • Ā Q jīngshén ((Ā [pref indicating familiarity] 阿) (Q) (jīngshén spirit → [-ism] 精神) → [Ah Q-ism; self-deception and rationalization as a coping mechanism, involving viewing personal and societal failures as “spiritual/moral victories” (Ā Q is the protagonist of Ā Q Zhèngzhuàn (The True Story of Ah Q), by Lǔ Xùn)])

Ah Q

To provide some background for “Ā Q jīngshén ((Ā [pref indicating familiarity] 阿) (Q) (jīngshén spirit → [-ism] 精神) → [Ah Q-ism; self-deception and rationalization as a coping mechanism, involving viewing personal and societal failures as “spiritual/moral victories” (Ā Q is the protagonist of Ā Q Zhèngzhuàn (The True Story of Ah Q), by Lǔ Xùn)])”, Ā Q ((Ā [pref indicating familiarity] 阿) (Q) → [protagonist of Ā Q Zhèngzhuàn (The True Story of Ah Q), by Lǔ Xùn]) is the protagonist of Ā Q Zhèngzhuàn ((Ā [pref indicating familiarity] 阿) (Q Q’s) (Zhèng·zhuàn Correct · Story → [True Story] 正传 正傳) → [The True Story of Ah Q (novella by Lǔ Xùn; considered the first work written in Vernacular Chinese)]) (The True Story of Ah Q), a novella by Lǔ Xùn ((Lǔ Stupid; Rash (surname) 鲁 魯) (Xùn Fast; Quick; Swift 迅) (pen name of Zhōu Shùrén, the greatest Chinese writer of the 20th cent. and a strong advocate of alphabetic writing)), who is considered the greatest Chinese writer of the 20th century, and who was a strong advocate of alphabetic writing for China. Regarding Ā Q Zhèngzhuàn ((Ā [pref indicating familiarity] 阿) (Q Q’s) (Zhèng·zhuàn Correct · Story → [True Story] 正传 正傳) → [The True Story of Ah Q (novella by Lǔ Xùn; considered the first work written in Vernacular Chinese)]), Wikipedia provides this summary of how this literary work is viewed:

The piece is generally held to be a masterpiece of modern Chinese literature, since it is considered the first piece of work to fully utilize Vernacular Chinese after the 1919 May 4th Movement in China.[source]

Categories
Culture Current Events History Names

bǎixìng

bǎixìng (bǎi·xìng {hundred → [all]} · surnames → [common people | all existing surnames] 百姓) ← Tap/click to show/hide the “flashcard”

[Notes: Tap/click on a Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to reveal its “flashcard”; tap/click on a “flashcard” or its Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to hide the “flashcard”. 📖 📄 📘 icons mean 📖 Reveal All, 📄 Reveal Advanced, and 📘 Reveal None re all the “flashcards” in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.]

With the deadly shooting wars now being fought in places like Israel and Ukraine, jw.org recently featured an article with the following title:

English:

Who Will Save the Civilians?—What Does the Bible Say?

Mandarin:

📖 📄 📘 Zhànhuǒ (Zhàn·huǒ War · Fire → [Flames of War] 战火 戰火) Wúqíng (Wú·qíng {Not Having} · Feeling → [Being Heartless] 无情 無情), Shéi (Who 谁 誰) Lái ({Will Come} 来 來) Zhěngjiù ({to Save} 拯救) Wúgū (Wú·gū Without · Guilt → [Innocent] 无辜 無辜) de (’s 的) Bǎixìng (Bǎi·xìng {Hundred → [All]} · Surnames → [Common People] 百姓)?

This week’s MEotW is the last word in the above Mandarin title, “bǎixìng (bǎi·xìng {hundred → [all]} · surnames → [common people | all existing surnames] 百姓)”, which corresponds to “civilians”, or “common people”. And, as the Wikipedia page for this expression says:

The word “lao” (Chinese: 老; lit. ‘old’) is often added as a prefix before “baixing”.[source]

Origins?

“Bǎixìng (Bǎi·xìng {hundred → [all]} · surnames → [common people | all existing surnames] 百姓)” literally means “hundred surnames”. Regarding how a hundred surnames came to represent the people of China, the above-mentioned Wikipedia article claims:

A confederation of tribes living along the Yellow River were the ancestors of what later became the Han ethnic group in China.[source][source] Several large tribes, including the Huangdi tribes (Chinese: 黄帝族), Yandi tribes (Chinese: 炎帝族), and the Yi tribes, formed an alliance that consisted of roughly 100 tribes. This alliance is the origin of the baixing () or the “hundred surnames.”

Around 2,000 Han Chinese surnames are currently in use, but 19 of these surnames are used by about half of the Han Chinese people. About 87% of the population shares 100 surnames.[source][source]

Logically, as the population of the grouping of tribes that eventually became China grew, for a time there were fewer than one hundred surnames, for a relatively brief time there were exactly one hundred surnames, and then there were over a hundred surnames. Whether the particular claim above about there having been about a hundred early tribes is accurate, somewhere along the line, the idea may have taken root that one hundred surnames were generally representative of the people of China, especially if it’s true, as claimed above, that a hundred surnames covers about 87% of China’s population.

Another possibility is that the “bǎi (hundred [→ [numerous; all [kinds of]]] 百)” in “bǎixìng (bǎi·xìng {hundred → [all]} · surnames → [common people | all existing surnames] 百姓)” is used to effectively mean “all”, like it does in “bǎiwù (bǎi·wù {hundred → [all]} · things 百物)”. A similar expression is “wànwù (wàn·wù {ten thousand → [all]} · things 万物 萬物)”, in which “wàn ({ten thousand} [→ [all; a very great number of]] 万 萬/万)”, which literally means “ten thousand”, is used to mean “all”, or “a very great number of”.

Either way, as we can see from the above Mandarin jw.org article title, besides being used to refer to the common people of China, “bǎixìng (bǎi·xìng {hundred → [all]} · surnames → [common people | all existing surnames] 百姓)” is now also used to refer to the common people of other nations as well.

The Book of Family Surnames

The expression “bǎixìng (bǎi·xìng {hundred → [all]} · surnames → [common people | all existing surnames] 百姓)” is apparently referenced in the title of the classic Chinese text Bǎijiā Xìng ((Bǎi·jiā {Hundred → [Many; Various; All]} · Families’ 百家) (Xìng Surnames 姓) → [Hundred Family Surnnames/The Book of Family Names (classic Chinese text listing common Chinese surnames)]), which is the subject of the following summary from Wikipedia:

The Hundred Family Surnames (Chinese: 百家姓), commonly known as Bai Jia Xing,[source] also translated as Hundreds of Chinese Surnames,[source] is a classic Chinese text composed of common Chinese surnames. An unknown author compiled the book during the Song dynasty (960–1279).[source] The book lists 507 surnames.[source] Of these, 441 are single-character surnames and 66 are double-character surnames.[source] About 800 names have been derived from the original ones.[source]

In the dynasties following the Song, the 13th-century Three Character Classic, the Hundred Family Surnames, and the 6th-century Thousand Character Classic came to be known as San Bai Qian (Three, Hundred, Thousand), from the first character in their titles. They served as instructional books for children,[source] becoming the almost universal introductory literary texts for students (almost exclusively boys) from elite backgrounds and even for a number of ordinary villagers.

An example of the Chinese poem “Hundred Family Surnames” written in Chinese characters and in ʼPhags-pa script
Creative Commons Public Domain logo
An example of the Chinese poem “Hundred Family Surnames” written in Chinese characters and in ʼPhags-pa script (For more information on the ʼPhags-pa script, see the MEotW post on “cuò ({[is] alternating; staggered} [→ [[is] wrong; mistaken; incorrect; erroneous | missed | grinding; rubbing | moving to the side | mistake; error; blunder [→ [fault]]]] | {[is] interlocked and jagged} [→ [intricate]] 错 錯)”.)

Help for Dealing With the Easily-Offended?

Years ago, in the door-to-door work, I called on a Chinese man who had a double-character surname. Being a Chinese person who had grown up in Canada and who had not even heard of Qín Shǐhuáng ((Qín {Qin (dynasty)} 秦) (Shǐ·huáng Beginning · Emperor 始皇) (the founder of the Qín dynasty and the first emperor of China)) until I saw a movie about this remarkable historical figure when I was an adult, I was not familiar with the background of the relatively rare double-character surnames, so I innocently asked him about it. However, rather than being flattered by the interest and politely enlightening me, he chose to be offended that I didn’t know something about his background and culture that he had known since his childhood and just—unhelpfully—said something like, ‘Don’t you know about the history of China?’

Well, dear reader, after learning of Bǎijiā Xìng ((Bǎi·jiā {Hundred → [Many; Various; All]} · Families’ 百家) (Xìng Surnames 姓) → [Hundred Family Surnnames/The Book of Family Names (classic Chinese text listing common Chinese surnames)]) and the double-character surnames in it, perhaps you may be spared a similarly dreary experience in the ministry. (Since we seek to reach everyone in our territories, we can end up meeting all kinds of people, like Jesus did. Some of them may be proud, petty, and unpleasant, but then again, some of them may be sheeplike, hungry for the truth, and appreciative of our imperfect efforts.)

Categories
Culture History Language Learning Science Technology Theocratic

yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn

yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready; wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} 情愿 情願) → [one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking]) ← Tap/click to show/hide the “flashcard”

[Notes: Tap/click on a Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to reveal its “flashcard”; tap/click on a “flashcard” or its Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) expression to hide the “flashcard”. 📖 📄 📘 icons mean 📖 Reveal All, 📄 Reveal Advanced, and 📘 Reveal None re all the “flashcards” in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.]

The Shēngmìng Láizì Chuàngzào Ma? ((Shēngmìng Life 生命) (Lái·zì Came · From 来自 來自) (Chuàng·zào Initiating · {Making, Creating} → [Creating] 创造 創造) (Ma [? ptcl for “yes/no” questions] 吗 嗎)? → [Was Life Created? (lc)]) (Was Life Created? (lc)) brochure and the Shēngmìng de Qǐyuán—Zhíde Sīkǎo de Wǔ Ge Wèntí ((Shēngmìng Life 生命) (de ’s 的) (Qǐ·yuán {Rising → [Starting]} · Source → [Origin] 起源/原)—(Zhí·de Worth · Getting → [Worth] 值得) (Sī·kǎo {Thinking About} · Examining 思考) (de ’s 的) (Wǔ Five 五) (Ge [mw] 个 個/个) (Wèn·tí Asking · Subjects → [Questions] 问题 問題) → [The Origin of Life​—Five Questions Worth Asking (lf)]) (The Origin of Life​—Five Questions Worth Asking (lf)) brochure were originally published back in 2010, but recently, the English version of the Was Life Created? brochure was updated to the December 2022 Printing, and the Mandarin version of it was updated to the February 2023 Printing. Also, the Was Life Created? brochure and the Origin of Life brochure are now in the Teaching Toolbox section in the JW Library app. So, it would be good to consider some of the expressions used in the Mandarin versions of these publications that can be so helpful when discussing whether life was created.

Wishful Thinking

This week’s MEotW, “yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready; wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} 情愿 情願) → [one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking])”, appears in paragraph 8 of the section of the Mandarin Was Life Created? brochure entitled “Evolution​—Myths and Facts”:

English:

In the late 1930’s, scientists enthusiastically embraced a new idea.

Mandarin (WOL, Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus):

📖 📄 📘 20 shìjì (shì·jì generation · era → [century] 世纪 世紀) 30 niándài (nián·dài years · {replacing’s → [generation’s] → [period’s]} → [decade’s] 年代) mò (end → [last/final stage] 末), kēxuéjiā (kē·xué·jiā {{branches of study} · learning → [science]} · -ists → [scientists] 科学家 科學家) yǒu (had 有) ge ([mw] 个 個/个) yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn sentiments’ · {wanting → [hope]} 情愿 情願) → [one’s own wishful thinking]) de (’s 的) xiǎngfa (xiǎng·fa thinking · way 想法).

The English Was Life Created? brochure just says that some scientists in the late 1930’s were enthusiastic about the new idea that they had, that human-guided mutations could efficiently produce new species of plants. Interestingly, the Mandarin translation of this sentence is, shall we say, a little less neutral, coming right out and saying that this idea was one-sided wishful thinking, with no connection to the truth.

“One”—Multiple Pronunciations and Hyphenations

The first morpheme in “yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready; wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} 情愿 情願) → [one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking])” is good old “yì (one 一)” (“one”), which is one of the first Mandarin words that any student of Mandarin learns. Here, it’s written with the tone mark for fourth tone, which is how “yī (one 一)” is usually pronounced when it occurs right before a syllable that does not have a fourth tone. This is an example of tone sandhi, and as the MEotW post on “diǎnliàng (diǎn·liàng {dot → [light (v); ignite]} · {to be bright} [→ [illuminate; shine light on]] 点亮 點亮)” said:

On the other hand, the unofficial Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus resources join the official Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) publications, old and new, in explicitly indicating tone sandhi for “bù (not 不)” and “yī (one 一)” (e.g., “búzài (bú·zài not · again; further; continuing; anymore 不再)” instead of the standard “bùzài (bù·zài not · again; further; continuing; anymore 不再)”) to make things easier for readers, even though this practice is not included in the GB/T 16159-2012 [PRC national] standard’s recommendations.

In the end, what matters most re how anything is written is not just what is officially recommended or what happens to be popular among changing, imperfect humans. Rather, what matters most is what really works best to accomplish the goal of writing: To communicate to readers. This is especially true when God-honouring and life-saving Bible truths need to be communicated. So, this blog and the other Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus resources will continue to seek to render Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) in ways that maximize how clearly, easily, effectively, and appropriately it communicates with readers.

In line with what’s said above, note also that for easier decipherability, “yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready; wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} 情愿 情願) → [one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking])” is written with hyphens between the words, which is different from how idioms have traditionally been hyphenated in Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音).

Digging into the Past, Wishes

As for the next morpheme in “yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready; wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} 情愿 情願) → [one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking])”, dictionaries say that while “xiāng (side [→ [wing of a house; side room | railway compartment | theatre box] 厢 廂)” has meanings like “wing of a house” or “railway compartment”, it also has a traditional or dated meaning of “side”. This reminds us that like English, Mandarin has a long enough history that some of its words don’t mean the same as they used to, and sometimes, we need to dig a bit into the past to understand how an expression’s meanings came to “work” together.

The final word in “yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready; wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} 情愿 情願) → [one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking])” is made up of the “qíng (feeling; affection; sentiment; emotion; sensibility [→ [love; passion | favour; kindness | reason; sense]] | situation; circumstances; condition 情)” in “gǎnqíng (gǎn·qíng feeling · sentiment; emotion 感情)” and the “yuàn ({being willing/ready; wanting} [→ [hoping; wishing; desiring | hope; wish; desire]] | {[is] honest; sincere} | {vow (n)} 愿 願)” in “yuànwàng (yuàn·wàng {wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} · {gazing (into the distance [at]) → [hoping; expecting; looking forward to]} [→ [aspiration]] 愿望 願望)”. The resulting word “qíngyuàn (qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready for; wanting [→ [hope; wish; desire]]} [→ [being willing to; preferring]] 情愿 情願)”, in the context of “yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready; wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} 情愿 情願) → [one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking])”, means something like “the hope/wish of one’s sentiments”. Thus, the words in “yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready; wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} 情愿 情願) → [one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking])” together end up meaning something like “one side’s sentiments’ hope/wish”, or, effectively, “one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking”.

Who Are Actually the Ones Believing in Fairy Tales?

Those who support evolution sometimes like to portray supporters of creation as naïve believers in unscientific fairy tales. However, because of their personal desires to not be beholden to a Creator, some supporters of evolution may be the ones who tend to just believe what they want to believe in spite of actual scientific evidence to the contrary. The Was Life Created? brochure points out that actual scientific evidence shows that the assertion that mutation can result in new species of plants or animals is just a myth, and so, as the Mandarin version of that brochure says, it turns out that the scientists who embraced this idea—and by extension, those who followed their lead—were indulging in “yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn feelings’; sentiments’; emotions’; sensibilities’ · {being willing/ready; wanting → [hope; wish; desire]} 情愿 情願) → [one-sided wish; one’s own wishful thinking])”, one-sided wishful thinking that’s disconnected from reality.

For convenience:

The direct link for the current generation Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus resource for the Was Life Created? brochure is:

The short link for Chinese field language-learning links for the Was Life Created? brochure is:

More Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) and Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus web material based on the Mandarin Was Life Created? brochure will be made available in the Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus web resource as time allows. Work is now underway to produce a Pīnyīn (Pīn·yīn {Piecing Together of} · Sounds → [Pinyin] 拼音) Plus web resource for the Mandarin Origin of Life brochure as well.