Category: Culture

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Culture Current Events

pĂČfĂĄng

pĂČfĂĄng (pĂČ·fĂĄng {break [through]}; destroy · defending → [(video games) break through defences | make sb. feel upset/shocked/moved/touched/etc.] ç Žé˜Č) ← Tap/click to show/hide the “flashcard”

As 2021 drew to a close, articles appeared on the Internet with lists of Chinese (Mandarin) expressions that were deemed to have been significant in 2021, perhaps reflecting what had been on the minds of many Chinese people in that year.

One of the expressions that appears on these lists is this week’s MEotW, “pĂČfĂĄng (pĂČ·fĂĄng {break [through]}; destroy · defending → [(video games) break through defences | make sb. feel upset/shocked/moved/touched/etc.] ç Žé˜Č)”.

Here are some quotes from some of these articles about “pĂČfĂĄng (pĂČ·fĂĄng {break [through]}; destroy · defending → [(video games) break through defences | make sb. feel upset/shocked/moved/touched/etc.] ç Žé˜Č)”:

ç Žé˜Č pĂČfĂĄng

Defense torn down

Originally a term used in online games, this phrase has been taken up by netizens to indicate the emotional impact on oneself from some event or news.

—“Words to Sum Up 2021”

screenshot of Sixth Tone article discussing “_pĂČfĂĄng_”
—“The Best Chinese Internet Slang, 2021 Edition”

“Defense broken (ç Žé˜Č pĂČfĂĄng)” is another buzzword to describe mental collapse that emerged in 2021. The term conveys being moved, shocked, or touched. An emotional scene in a movie or news of heroism online often causes netizens to say: “I burst into tears after seeing these defense breaking moments (çœ‹ćˆ°èż™äș›ç Žé˜Č瞬问, 我æłȘć„”äș† KĂ ndĂ o zhĂšxiē pĂČfĂĄng shĂčnjiān, wǒ lĂšibēn le).”
—“Internet Slang Terms that Defined 2021”

I personally have not yet heard “pĂČfĂĄng (pĂČ·fĂĄng {break [through]}; destroy · defending → [(video games) break through defences | make sb. feel upset/shocked/moved/touched/etc.] ç Žé˜Č)” used in actual conversation, so I don’t have a personal feel for when it may or may not be appropriate to use this expression. Hopefully the above explanations provide some guidance. As with any relatively colloquial or informal expression, we Mandarin field language learners should use our discretion about when and how we use “pĂČfĂĄng (pĂČ·fĂĄng {break [through]}; destroy · defending → [(video games) break through defences | make sb. feel upset/shocked/moved/touched/etc.] ç Žé˜Č)”, if we do. At the least, it’s nice to know what it means, at least approximately, if we hear it or read it somewhere.

Categories
Culture Current Events History Technology

yĂșn

yĂșn ({cloud [(online)]} äș‘ é›Č/äș‘) ← Tap/click to show/hide the “flashcard”

The magazine The World of Chinese recently posted on its website the article “Words to Sum Up 2021”. One of the words it listed was “yĂșn ({cloud [(online)]} äș‘ é›Č/äș‘)”, which can mean “cloud” literally, or “cloud” meaning “online”:

As the pandemic rages on, “cloud” services have become increasingly popular, including äș‘èŻŸć ‚ (yĂșn kĂštĂĄng, online classes), äș‘é—źèŻŠ (yĂșn wĂšnzhěn, online diagnosis), and äș‘æ—…æžž (yĂșn lǚyĂłu, “traveling” by watching livestreams of scenic spots).

cloud computing
Creative Commons Public Domain logo

Where “Clouds” Came From

This use of “yĂșn ({cloud [(online)]} äș‘ é›Č/äș‘)” to effectively mean “online” almost certainly came from the English use of “cloud” to mean “online”, since using those fluffy masses of condensed watery vapour in the sky to represent network-connected computer system resources evidently originated in the English-speaking world. As Wikipedia summarizes:

References to the phrase “cloud computing” appeared as early as 1996, with the first known mention in a Compaq internal document.[source]

The cloud symbol was used to represent networks of computing equipment in the original ARPANET by as early as 1977,[source] and the CSNET by 1981[source]—both predecessors to the Internet itself. The word cloud was used as a metaphor for the Internet and a standardized cloud-like shape was used to denote a network on telephony schematics. With this simplification, the implication is that the specifics of how the endpoints of a network are connected are not relevant to understanding the diagram.[source]

The term cloud was used to refer to platforms for distributed computing as early as 1993, when Apple spin-off General Magic and AT&T used it in describing their (paired) Telescript and PersonaLink technologies.[source]

BTW, the Mandarin term for Apple’s iCloud is
“iCloud”.

Categories
Culture Language Learning

fēicháng

fēichĂĄng (fēi·chĂĄng un·usual/common/ordinary | un·usually/commonly [→ [very [much]; extremely; highly]] 非澾) ← Tap/click to show/hide the “flashcard”

“FēichĂĄng (Fēi·chĂĄng un·usual/common/ordinary | un·usually/commonly [→ [very [much]; extremely; highly]] 非澾)” was probably one of the first words you learned as a Mandarin field language learner. In fact, one of the first things your Mandarin instructor may have said to you in Mandarin may have been “fēichĂĄng (fēi·chĂĄng un·usually → [very] 非澾) hǎo (good ć„œ)!”, if you had just said something well in Mandarin. So, having learned that “fēichĂĄng (fēi·chĂĄng un·usual/common/ordinary | un·usually/commonly [→ [very [much]; extremely; highly]] 非澾)” means “very”, you may have been confused when seeing how “fēichĂĄng (fēi·chĂĄng un·usual/common/ordinary | un·usually/commonly [→ [very [much]; extremely; highly]] 非澾)” is used in the Mandarin New World Translation Bible at 2 Timothy 3:1:

2 Timothy 3:1 (WOL CHS+Pinyin)

“FēichĂĄng shĂ­qÄ« ((Fēi·chĂĄng un·ordinary 非澾) (shí·qÄ« {(particular) times} · periods 时期 時期) → [times of emergency])”? The corresponding term that the English NWT Bible uses in this scripture is “critical times”, but this Mandarin translation seems to mean “very times”, which doesn’t make sense. What’s going on here?

Breaking It Down

While especially as our Mandarin learning journeys begin we may want to keep things simple and mentally just have the view that this Mandarin word means that English word, eventually we encounter the more complex reality that Mandarin and English are two very different languages that come from different cultures, and that have different techniques and histories relating to how speech sounds are put together to convey meanings.

To help us get a grip on this sometimes messy reality, let us remember that while phrases and sentences can be broken down into words, words can in turn be broken down into morphemes. This excerpt from the introduction of a PÄ«nyÄ«n (PÄ«n·yÄ«n {Piecing Together} · Sounds → [Pinyin] æ‹ŒéŸł) Plus resource briefly discusses Mandarin morphemes and how they are handled in PÄ«nyÄ«n (PÄ«n·yÄ«n {Piecing Together} · Sounds → [Pinyin] æ‹ŒéŸł) Plus material:

As far as is practical, the meaning of each individual Mandarin morpheme (smallest unit of language sound with meaning) is translated literally according to how it is used in the context in which it appears. (In Mandarin, morphemes usually correspond with syllables, but some syllables are sound-only (without meaning) and thus not morphemes, and some morphemes have more than one syllable.)

The morphemes in “fēichĂĄng (fēi·chĂĄng un·usual/common/ordinary | un·usually/commonly [→ [very [much]; extremely; highly]] 非澾) ” are:

  • “fēi (not; no; non[-]; un[-]; in[-] 非)”
  • “chĂĄng (ordinary; common; normal | constant; invariable | often; usually; frequently ćžž)”

Putting It Together

So, while “fēichĂĄng (fēi·chĂĄng un·usual/common/ordinary | un·usually/commonly [→ [very [much]; extremely; highly]] 非澾)” as a whole word is often used to effectively mean “very”, a look at the literal meanings of the morphemes that make it up helps us to understand that it actually literally means “unusually” or “uncommonly” when it is used to effectively mean “very”. In the context of 1 Timothy 3:1, “fēichĂĄng (fēi·chĂĄng un·ordinary 非澾)” is used as an adjective meaning “unordinary” or “uncommon”, and it is put together with “shĂ­qÄ« (shí·qÄ« {(particular) times} · periods 时期 時期)” to make up “fēichĂĄng shĂ­qÄ« ((fēi·chĂĄng un·ordinary 非澾) (shí·qÄ« {(particular) times} · periods 时期 時期) → [times of emergency])”, an expression that is used to effectively mean “times of emergency”.

Plus

The curious case of “fēichĂĄng (fēi·chĂĄng un·usual/common/ordinary | un·usually/commonly [→ [very [much]; extremely; highly]] 非澾)” in 1 Timothy 3:1 illustrates some of the advantages of PÄ«nyÄ«n (PÄ«n·yÄ«n {Piecing Together} · Sounds → [Pinyin] æ‹ŒéŸł) Plus material (which you may have noticed is used in this blog) compared to older generations of Mandarin language-learning material, such as 3-line material.

In 3-line material, which was originally designed for paper printouts, all the English information was always visible, and it had to be practical to print out and use on paper. So, there was no room to show luxuriously long amounts of information like literal meanings in addition to effective meanings. In contrast, PÄ«nyÄ«n (PÄ«n·yÄ«n {Piecing Together} · Sounds → [Pinyin] æ‹ŒéŸł) Plus material takes advantage of the dynamic displays of modern smartphones, tablets, etc. to put the English information (and other information too) in “flashcards” that can be hidden from view when they’re not needed. (Tap/click on a PÄ«nyÄ«n (PÄ«n·yÄ«n {Piecing Together} · Sounds → [Pinyin] æ‹ŒéŸł) word/expression to reveal its “flashcard”, tap/click on a “flashcard” to hide it.) Thus, there is room for more and richer information—as Doctor Who fans would say, “I thought it’d be cleaner it’s bigger on the inside/smaller on the outside”!

The “dimensional transcendentalness” and flexibility of PÄ«nyÄ«n (PÄ«n·yÄ«n {Piecing Together} · Sounds → [Pinyin] æ‹ŒéŸł) Plus material also make it possible for it to render compound expressions such as “fēichĂĄng shĂ­qÄ« ((fēi·chĂĄng un·ordinary 非澾) (shí·qÄ« {(particular) time} · period 时期 時期) → [time of emergency])”, which I believe no one was crazy enough to even attempt with 3-line material.

A list of the currently available PÄ«nyÄ«n (PÄ«n·yÄ«n {Piecing Together} · Sounds → [Pinyin] æ‹ŒéŸł) Plus resources can be found at tiandi.info/pyp.