{"id":844,"date":"2020-12-14T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-14T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/?p=844"},"modified":"2023-07-05T00:07:28","modified_gmt":"2023-07-05T07:07:28","slug":"zhuyin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2020\/12\/14\/zhuyin\/","title":{"rendered":"Zh\u00f9y\u012bn"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\n\t\t\tZh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span> \u2190 Tap\/click to show\/hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n\n

The last imperial dynasty of China was the Qing dynasty. We call it the last dynasty, though, because it ended, and it was not followed by another dynasty. Towards the end of the Qing dynasty\u2019s rule, China was in a bad way. Wikipedia<\/a> provides this summary of the situation:<\/p>\n

The dynasty reached its high point in the late 18th century, then gradually declined in the face of challenges from abroad, internal revolts, population growth, disruption of the economy, corruption, and the reluctance of ruling elites to change their mindsets.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

One of the ways in which some sought to help with the deteriorating situation in China is described by American linguist, sinologist<\/a>, author of Chinese language textbooks, lexicographer of Chinese dictionaries, and Professor Emeritus of Chinese Studies at the University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa<\/a> John DeFrancis<\/a>, in his book The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy<\/i><\/a>:<\/p>\n

\u2026toward the end of the nineteenth century\u2026The obvious disintegration of Chinese society and the inability to cope with foreign aggressors led some reformers in contact with missionaries to conceive of carrying out a reform of the writing as part of a general educational reform that would help revitalize the country and save it from extinction.1<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Professor DeFrancis goes on the describe the development and naming of an early result of the efforts of these reformers:<\/p>\n

Official resolution of these issues was effected by the decisions reached by the Conference on Unification of Pronunciation that was held under government auspices in 1913. \u2026The majority members of the conference reached the decision to adopt a set of thirty-nine phonetic symbols derived from Chinese characters, to use them as an adjunct to the characters, and to confine their scope to representing the Mandarin pronunciation as the national standard. The symbols were initially called Zh\u00f9y\u012bn Z\u00ecm\u01d4<\/i> (\u201cPhonetic Alphabet\u201d); later they were also called Gu\u00f3y\u012bn Z\u00ecm\u01d4<\/i> (\u201cNational Phonetic Alphabet\u201d). The fear that they might be considered an alphabetic system of writing independent of characters led in 1930 to their being renamed Zh\u00f9y\u012bn F\u00fah\u00e0o<\/i> (\u201cPhonetic Symbols\u201d).2<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Bopomofo<\/p>\n

Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/span><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span>, or Bopomofo, in regular, handwritten regular, and cursive formats<\/i><\/p>\n

This week\u2019s MEotW, Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span>, is a commonly used name for this system. It\u2019s also commonly called \u201cBopomofo (\u3105\u3106\u3107\u3108)\u201d, after the first four symbols of the system. This is similar to how in English we use \u201cABCs\u201d to refer to the alphabet, and to how the word \u201calphabet\u201d itself comes from alpha<\/i> and b\u0113ta<\/i>, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet.<\/p>\n

The Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span> system continues to be used in elementary schools in Taiwan for teaching reading and writing, with the system\u2019s symbols often appearing as ruby characters<\/a> over Chinese characters in textbooks.<\/p>\n

Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span> \/ P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span><\/h4>\n

In mainland China, Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span> has largely been replaced by P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span>, which was adopted by the mainland Chinese government in 1958. This was possible because Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span> and P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> both do the same job of representing in alphabetic writing the sounds of Mandarin speech\u2014they just use different symbols.<\/p>\n

Around the time that P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> was introduced, Premier of the People\u2019s Republic of China Zh\u014du \u0112nl\u00e1i<\/i><\/span>\n((Zh\u014du\n{Circumference (surname<\/i>)}<\/span>\n\u5468\n\u5468\/\u9031<\/span>)\n(\u0112n\u00b7l\u00e1i\nKindness \u00b7 Comes<\/span>\n\u6069\u6765\n\u6069\u4f86<\/span>)\n(the first Premier of the People\u2019s Republic of China)<\/span>)<\/span> wrote<\/a> the following comparing the different practical effects of using these different sets of symbols:<\/p>\n

Although [Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span>] has been in existence for forty years and was popularized in primary schools by governments in the past, it has been forgotten by most of its students. Now only a few people know the phonetic transcript. In future, we shall adopt the Latin alphabet for the Chinese phonetic alphabet. Being in wide use in scientific and technological fields and in constant day-to-day usage, it will be easily remembered.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Some Mandarin field language-learners prefer not to use the Latin alphabet-based P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> system, claiming that it makes them think of English sounds rather than Mandarin sounds. Perhaps those who feel this way could get the benefits of a phonetic alphabet without this potential effect by using Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span>. However, they would first have to learn and remember the rarely-used symbols of Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span>, which for almost everyone these days is going to be significantly harder than remembering the familiar Latin alphabet letters of P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Regarding associating language sounds with a writing system<\/a> (which both Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span> and P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> qualify<\/a> as), once a Mandarin-learner passes the very beginning stage and gets familiar with Mandarin sounds and used to the P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> system, he or she will actually have no more problem associating P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> with Mandarin sounds than an English-speaking non-beginner student of French has associating French words with French sounds.<\/p>\n

For more information on how Zh\u00f9y\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u00f9\u00b7y\u012bn\nAnnotating \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Zhuyin]<\/span>\n\u6ce8\u97f3\n\u8a3b\/\u6ce8\u97f3<\/span>)<\/span> compares to P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192 [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> for Mandarin field language-learners, please see the tiandi.info<\/strong><\/a> post \u201cPinyin and Zhuyin\u201d<\/a>. (If you need login information for the parts of tiandi.info<\/strong><\/a> that require it, request it by email<\/a>, and include information on who referred you and\/or what group\/cong. you are in.)<\/p>\n

1. John DeFrancis, The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy<\/i><\/a> (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984), p. 241. ^<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ibid., p. 242. ^<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The last imperial dynasty of China was the Qing dynasty. We call it the last dynasty, though, because it ended, and it was not followed by another dynasty. Towards the end of the Qing dynasty\u2019s rule, China was in a bad way. 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