{"id":6460,"date":"2025-05-19T19:56:31","date_gmt":"2025-05-20T02:56:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/?p=6460"},"modified":"2025-05-23T22:16:03","modified_gmt":"2025-05-24T05:16:03","slug":"yuzu-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2025\/05\/19\/yuzu-2\/","title":{"rendered":"y\u01d4z\u00fa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3>\n\t\t\t<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">y\u01d4z\u00fa<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(y\u01d4\u00b7z\u00fa\n\t\t\t<span class=\"mt\">language \u00b7 <span class=\"lit\">{ethnic group \u2192 [group of things with common characteristics] \u2192<\/span> [group]<span class=\"lit\">}<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\u8bed\u65cf\n\t\t\t<span class=\"trad\">\u8a9e\u65cf<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t<span style=\"color: hsl(100, 85%, 40%);\"> \ud83d\udc48\ud83c\udffc Tap\/click to show\/hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span>\n<\/h3>\n\n<p>[This reposting of a <a href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2021\/02\/15\/yuzu\/\" title=\"y\u01d4z\u00fa - Mandarin Expression of the Week\">post<\/a> that was originally posted on February 15, 2021 seems to be a fitting companion to the recent <a href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2025\/05\/06\/yuxi-2\/\" title=\"y\u01d4x\u00ec - Mandarin Expression of the Week\">reposting<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2021\/02\/08\/yuxi\/\" title=\"y\u01d4x\u00ec - Mandarin Expression of the Week\">post<\/a> on <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cy\u01d4x\u00ec<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(y\u01d4\u00b7x\u00ec\n<span class=\"mt\">language \u00b7 <span class=\"lit\">{tied (things) \u2192<\/span> [system; family]<span class=\"lit\">}<\/span><\/span>\n\u8bed\u7cfb\n<span class=\"trad\">\u8a9e\u7cfb<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d.<\/i> It discusses the important basic issue of how Mandarin should be classified as a language, a subject about which much political and cultural propaganda has unfortunately been spread.]<\/p>\n<p>While \u201clanguage family\u201d seems to be a commonly accepted linguistic term, there does not seem to be universal consensus on what terms to use for subdivisions of language families. This is suggested by the wording used in the Wikipedia article on language families, under the subheading \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Language_family#Structure_of_a_family\" title=\"Language family | Structure of a family - Wikipedia\">Structure of a family<\/a>\u201d:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\nLanguage families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as <i>branches<\/i> of the family because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram. A family is a monophyletic unit; all its members derive from a common ancestor, and all attested descendants of that ancestor are included in the family. \u2026<\/p>\n<p>Some taxonomists restrict the term <i>family<\/i> to a certain level, but there is little consensus in how to do so. Those who affix such labels also subdivide branches into <i>groups<\/i>, and groups into <i>complexes<\/i>.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>So, it seems that one common\u2014but not universal\u2014language classification scheme is:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<li>family > branch > group > complex\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In contrast, noted American <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinology\" title=\"Sinology - Wikipedia\">sinologist<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.upenn.edu\/people\/associated-faculty\/victor-h-mair\" title=\"Victor H. Mair | Penn Arts &amp; Sciences Department of History\">University of Pennsylvania Professor of East Asian Languages and Civilizations<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor_H._Mair\" title=\"Victor H. Mair - Wikipedia\">Victor H. Mair<\/a>, in his article <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180416012634\/http:\/\/www.ling.sinica.edu.tw\/Files\/LL\/Docments\/Monographs\/Breaking%20Down%20the%20Barriers\/ISCLB-35-Mair%20130419.pdf\" title=\"PDF: The Classification of Sinitic Languages: What Is \u201cChinese\u201d?\">\u201cThe Classification of Sinitic Languages: What Is \u2018Chinese\u2019?\u201d<\/a> (p. 749), sets out a slightly different language classification scheme:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<li>family > group > branch > language > dialect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>The Mandarin Word for \u201cLanguage Group\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>Regardless of whether we consider language families to be first subdivided into branches or into groups, an accepted and acceptable Mandarin translation for \u201clanguage group\u201d is this week\u2019s MEotW, \u201c<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>y\u01d4z\u00fa<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(y\u01d4\u00b7z\u00fa\n\t\t\t<span class=\"mt\">language \u00b7 <span class=\"lit\">{ethnic group \u2192 [group of things with common characteristics] \u2192<\/span> [group]<span class=\"lit\">}<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\u8bed\u65cf\n\t\t\t<span class=\"trad\">\u8a9e\u65cf<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, as Prof. Mair confirms in the <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180416012634\/http:\/\/www.ling.sinica.edu.tw\/Files\/LL\/Docments\/Monographs\/Breaking%20Down%20the%20Barriers\/ISCLB-35-Mair%20130419.pdf\" title=\"PDF: The Classification of Sinitic Languages: What Is \u201cChinese\u201d?\">article<\/a> (p. 747) mentioned above.<\/p>\n<p>If \u201c<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>z\u00fa<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(<span class=\"mt\">clan; race; tribe; {ethnic group}; nationality [\u2192 [class or group of things or people with common characteristics]]<\/span>\n\t\t\t\u65cf)<\/span>\u201d seems familiar, perhaps that is because it occurs in some fairly well-known scriptures. For example, the 2019 Edition of the Mandarin <i>New World Translation<\/i> Bible translates \u201cevery nation and tribe and tongue and people\u201d in <a href=\"https:\/\/wol.jw.org\/en\/wol\/b\/r1\/lp-e\/nwtsty\/66\/14#v=66:14:6\" title=\"Revelation 14 &mdash; Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY\">Revelation 14:6<\/a> as \u201c<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>m\u011bi<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(<span class=\"mt\">every<\/span>\n\t\t\t\u6bcf)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>ge<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(<span class=\"mt\">[<i>mw<\/i>]<\/span>\n\t\t\t\u4e2a\n\t\t\t<span class=\"trad\">\u500b\/\u7b87\/\u4e2a<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>gu\u00f3z\u00fa<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(gu\u00f3\u00b7z\u00fa\n\t\t\t<span class=\"mt\"><span class=\"lit\">national \u00b7 {ethnic group} \u2192<\/span> [nation]<\/span>\n\t\t\t\u56fd\u65cf\n\t\t\t<span class=\"trad\">\u570b\u65cf<\/span>)<\/span>,\n\n\t\t\t<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>b\u00f9z\u00fa<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(b\u00f9\u00b7z\u00fa\n\t\t\t<span class=\"mt\"><span class=\"lit\">sectional \u00b7 {ethnic group} \u2192<\/span> [tribe]<\/span>\n\t\t\t\u90e8\u65cf)<\/span>,\n\n\t\t\t<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>y\u01d4y\u00e1n<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(y\u01d4\u00b7y\u00e1n\n\t\t\t<span class=\"mt\">language \u00b7 {(type of) speech}<\/span>\n\t\t\t\u8bed\u8a00\n\t\t\t<span class=\"trad\">\u8a9e\u8a00<\/span>)<\/span>,\n\n\t\t\t<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>h\u00e9<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(<span class=\"mt\">and<\/span>\n\t\t\t\u548c)<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>m\u00ednz\u00fa<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(m\u00edn\u00b7z\u00fa\n\t\t\t<span class=\"mt\"><span class=\"lit\">{(of) people} \u00b7 {ethnic group} \u2192<\/span> [people]<\/span>\n\t\t\t\u6c11\u65cf)<\/span>\u201d.<\/p>\n<h3>The Mandarin Word for \u201cLanguage Branch\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>For reference, the Mandarin word for \u201clanguage branch\u201d is \u201c<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>y\u01d4zh\u012b<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n\t\t\t(y\u01d4\u00b7zh\u012b\n\t\t\t<span class=\"mt\">language \u00b7 branch<\/span>\n\t\t\t\u8bed\u652f\n\t\t\t<span class=\"trad\">\u8a9e\u652f<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, as Prof. Mair confirms in the <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180416012634\/http:\/\/www.ling.sinica.edu.tw\/Files\/LL\/Docments\/Monographs\/Breaking%20Down%20the%20Barriers\/ISCLB-35-Mair%20130419.pdf\" title=\"PDF: The Classification of Sinitic Languages: What Is \u201cChinese\u201d?\">article<\/a> (p. 747) mentioned above.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s interesting to note that according to Prof. Mair\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180416012634\/http:\/\/www.ling.sinica.edu.tw\/Files\/LL\/Docments\/Monographs\/Breaking%20Down%20the%20Barriers\/ISCLB-35-Mair%20130419.pdf\" title=\"PDF: The Classification of Sinitic Languages: What Is \u201cChinese\u201d?\">article<\/a> (p. 737) mentioned above, not only are Mandarin and Cantonese separate languages (not just \u201cdialects\u201d), it would be more accurate to consider them to be in separate language <em>branches<\/em>, as defined by the language classisification scheme he uses:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\nCantonese and Mandarin are separate languages. Cantonese is not a \u2018dialect\u2019 of Mandarin or of <i>Hanyu<\/i>, and it is grossly erroneous to refer to it as such. Since Cantonese and Mandarin are separate languages (or, perhaps more accurately, separate branches), it is wrong to refer to them as \u2018dialects.\u2019 The same holds for Hokkien, Shanghainese, and so forth.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>That Mandarin and Cantonese should really be considered to be in separate language <em>branches<\/em> emphasizes to us politically neutral Mandarin field language learners that we must not repeat or be misled by the politically motivated erroneous assertion that Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, etc. are just dialects of \u201cChinese\u201d. That might be even more wrong than saying that English, French, Spanish, etc. are just dialects of \u201cEuropean\u201d!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[This reposting of a post that was originally posted on February 15, 2021 seems to be a fitting companion to the recent reposting of the post on It discusses the important basic issue of how Mandarin should be classified as a language, a subject about which much political and cultural propaganda has unfortunately been spread.] [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,19,11,176],"tags":[28,37,169,26,260,43,42,97,12,172,44,41,136,30],"class_list":["post-6460","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-language-learning","category-languages","category-science","tag-cantonese","tag-chinese-culture","tag-dialects","tag-english","tag-french","tag-hokkien","tag-language-classification","tag-linguistics","tag-mandarin","tag-propaganda","tag-shanghainese","tag-spanish","tag-usage-examples","tag-victor-h-mair"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>y\u01d4z\u00fa - Mandarin Expression of the Week<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2025\/05\/19\/yuzu-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"y\u01d4z\u00fa - Mandarin Expression of the Week\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[This reposting of a post that was originally posted on February 15, 2021 seems to be a fitting companion to the recent reposting of the post on It discusses the important basic issue of how Mandarin should be classified as a language, a subject about which much political and cultural propaganda has unfortunately been spread.] [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2025\/05\/19\/yuzu-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mandarin Expression of the Week\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-05-20T02:56:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-24T05:16:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"tiandi\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@TiandiLinksNews\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@TiandiLinksNews\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"tiandi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/troubadourworks.com\\\/tiandi\\\/meotw\\\/2025\\\/05\\\/19\\\/yuzu-2\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/troubadourworks.com\\\/tiandi\\\/meotw\\\/2025\\\/05\\\/19\\\/yuzu-2\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"tiandi\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/troubadourworks.com\\\/tiandi\\\/meotw\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/86583c7b099e090dfeb296aa818abb57\"},\"headline\":\"y\u01d4z\u00fa\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-05-20T02:56:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-24T05:16:03+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/troubadourworks.com\\\/tiandi\\\/meotw\\\/2025\\\/05\\\/19\\\/yuzu-2\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":659,\"commentCount\":0,\"keywords\":[\"Cantonese\",\"Chinese Culture\",\"Dialects\",\"English\",\"French\",\"Hokkien\",\"Language Classification\",\"Linguistics\",\"Mandarin\",\"Propaganda\",\"Shanghainese\",\"Spanish\",\"Usage Examples\",\"Victor H. 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