{"id":4040,"date":"2023-10-21T23:15:44","date_gmt":"2023-10-22T06:15:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/?p=4040"},"modified":"2025-10-26T21:01:47","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T04:01:47","slug":"jiele-hun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2023\/10\/21\/jiele-hun\/","title":{"rendered":"ji\u00e9le h\u016bn"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3>\n\t\t\t<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">ji\u00e9le h\u016bn<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((ji\u00e9\u00b7le\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (a knot of)} \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u4e86\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u4e86<\/span>)\n(h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">marrying \u2192 [marriage]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[[got] married]<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: hsl(100, 85%, 40%);\"> \u2190 Tap\/click to show\/hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n\n<p>[<strong>Notes:<\/strong> <span style=\"color: hsl(100, 85%, 40%)\">Tap\/click on a <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> expression to reveal its <\/span><span style=\"background-color: hsl(52, 55%, 87%);\">\u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span>; <span style=\"color: hsl(45, 85%, 40%)\">tap\/click on a <\/span><span style=\"background-color: hsl(52, 55%, 87%);\">\u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span> <span style=\"color: hsl(45, 85%, 40%)\">or its <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> expression to hide the<\/span> <span style=\"background-color: hsl(52, 55%, 87%);\">\u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span>. <span class=\"plusinfotransl\">\ud83d\udcd6<\/span> <span class=\"plusinfotransl\">\ud83d\udcc4<\/span> \ud83d\udcd8 icons mean <span class=\"plusinfotransl\">\ud83d\udcd6<\/span> <strong>Reveal All<\/strong>, <span class=\"plusinfotransl\">\ud83d\udcc4<\/span> <strong>Reveal Advanced<\/strong>, and \ud83d\udcd8 <strong>Reveal None<\/strong> re all the <span class=\"plusinfotransl\">\u201cflashcards\u201d<\/span> in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.]<\/p>\n<p>A few years back, I wrote up a brief <a href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/ia\/Reasons%20for%20Imitate%20Bk.%20Pinyin%2C%20etc.%20Material.html\" title=\"Reasons for Imitate Bk. P\u012bny\u012bn, etc. Material\">web page listing reasons<\/a> for producing <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span>, etc. material for the <a href=\"https:\/\/wol.jw.org\/en\/wol\/publication\/r1\/lp-e\/ia\" title=\"Imitate (ia) \u2014 Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY\"><i>Imitate (ia)<\/i> book<\/a>. Some, especially some who grew up in the West, may have felt that this book is made up of \u201cjust stories\u201d, and ones that they were already quite familiar with, at that. However, we must remember that Chinese Bible students may often have a different perspective regarding the Bible accounts that are made to come to life in the <i>Imitate<\/i> book. As that web page said:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Many Chinese people in the world have not been exposed to Bible accounts the way many Westerners have.<\/li>\n<li>Also, I have heard that some, perhaps many, Chinese Bible students tend to approach their Bible studies like intellectual exercises for accumulating <em>ch\u014duxi\u00e0ng<\/em> (abstract) head knowledge as if for a school exam, rather than as training for their hearts for their own real lives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Later, the web page touches on how some of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/in-the-minds-of-others\/\" title=\"Fiction Hones Social Skills - Scientific American\">real-world benefits<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2020\/04\/11\/815573198\/how-stories-connect-and-persuade-us-unleashing-the-brain-power-of-narrative\" title=\"Storytelling's Power To Connect Us, Shift Perspective And Spur Action : Shots - Health News : NPR\">of good storytelling<\/a> like that found in the <i>Imitate<\/i> book involve <em>empathy<\/em>:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2026\n<ul>\n<li>The actress Natalie Portman once said, \u201cI love acting. I think it\u2019s the most amazing thing to be able to do. Your job is practicing empathy. You walk down the street imagining every person\u2019s life.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The <em>Imitate<\/em> book helps build Bible students\u2019 <em>empathy<\/em> towards Bible characters, which in turn helps Bible students realize that others would feel empathy towards them as well if they imitated these Bible characters\u2014not everyone will just think they\u2019re crazy, like many worldly friends or family members might think.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>While even fictional stories can have the benefits described in the links and the quote above, <em>true<\/em> stories from the Bible can have even greater benefits, including spiritual ones.<\/p>\n<p>Besides the <i>Imitate<\/i> book, another book from Jehovah\u2019s organization that relates Bible accounts is the <a href=\"https:\/\/wol.jw.org\/en\/wol\/publication\/r1\/lp-e\/lfb\" title=\"Learn From the Bible (lfb) \u2014 Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY\"><i>Learn From the Bible (lfb)<\/i> book<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/wol.jw.org\/en\/wol\/d\/r1\/lp-e\/1102016123\" title=\"A Letter From the Governing Body \u2014 Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY\">letter from the Governing Body<\/a> in this book says that, similarly to the <i>Imitate<\/i> book, the <i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> book also \u201cbrings the Bible accounts to life and captures the feelings of those depicted\u201d, while, unlike the <i>Imitate<\/i> book, it \u201ctells the story of the human family from creation onward\u201d. While the <i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> book is especially suitable for children, the letter from the Governing Body in this book says that \u201cit can also be used to help adults who desire to learn more about the Bible\u201d. So, it would be good to consider on this blog some of the expressions used in the Mandarin <i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> book.<\/p>\n<h4>Moses Tied the Knot<\/h4>\n<p>This week\u2019s MEotW, <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9le h\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((ji\u00e9\u00b7le\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (a knot of)} \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u4e86\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u4e86<\/span>)\n(h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">marrying \u2192 [marriage]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[[got] married]<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i>, appears at the beginning of <a href=\"https:\/\/wol.jw.org\/cmn-Hans\/wol\/d\/r23\/lp-chs-rb\/1102016028\" title=\"\u71c3\u70e7\u7684\u8346\u68d8\u4e1b \u2014 \u5b88\u671b\u53f0\u7ebf\u4e0a\u4e66\u5e93\">Lesson 18 of the Mandarin <i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> book<\/a>, which is entitled <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cR\u00e1nsh\u0101o<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(R\u00e1n\u00b7sh\u0101o\n<span class=\"mt\">Ignited \u00b7 {to Be Burning}<\/span>\n\u71c3\u70e7\n<span class=\"trad\">\u71c3\u71d2<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>de<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">\u2019s<\/span>\n\u7684)<\/span>\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>J\u012bngj\u00ed\u2010C\u00f3ng<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((J\u012bng\u00b7j\u00ed\n<span class=\"lit\">Brambles \u00b7 Thorns<\/span>\n\u8346\u68d8\n<span class=\"trad\">\u834a\u68d8<\/span>)\u2010(C\u00f3ng\n<span class=\"lit\">Clump<\/span>\n\u4e1b\n<span class=\"trad\">\u53e2<\/span>)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Bush]<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> (\u201cThe Burning Bush\u201d):<\/p>\n<p>English:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\nMoses lived in Midian for 40 years. He <strong>got married<\/strong> and had children.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Mandarin:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\n<span onclick=\"plusParentNode(this)\" title=\"Reveal All\" class=\"plusinfotransl\">\ud83d\udcd6<\/span> <span onclick=\"advParentNode(this)\" title=\"Reveal Advanced\" class=\"plusinfotransl\">\ud83d\udcc4<\/span> <span onclick=\"minusParentNode(this)\" title=\"Reveal None\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">M\u00f3x\u012b<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">Moses<\/span>\n\u6469\u897f)<\/span>\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">z\u00e0i<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">in<\/span>\n\u5728)<\/span>\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">M\u01d0di\u00e0n<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">Midian<\/span>\n\u7c73\u7538)<\/span>\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">sh\u0113nghu\u00f3le<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(sh\u0113nghu\u00f3\u00b7le\n<span class=\"mt\">lived \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u751f\u6d3b\u4e86)<\/span>\n\n40\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">ni\u00e1n<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">years<\/span>\n\u5e74\n<span class=\"trad\">\u5e74\/\u79ca<\/span>)<\/span>,\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">t\u0101<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">he<\/span>\n\u4ed6)<\/span>\n\n<strong>\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">ji\u00e9le h\u016bn<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((ji\u00e9\u00b7le\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (a knot of)} \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u4e86\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u4e86<\/span>)\n(h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">marrying \u2192 [marriage]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[got married]<\/span>)<\/span>,\n<\/strong>\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">y\u011b<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">also<\/span>\n\u4e5f)<\/span>\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">y\u01d2ule<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(y\u01d2u\u00b7le\n<span class=\"mt\">had \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u6709\u4e86)<\/span>\n\n<span onclick=\"plus(this)\">h\u00e1izi<\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(h\u00e1i\u00b7zi\n<span class=\"mt\">children \u00b7 [<i>suf for nouns<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u5b69\u5b50)<\/span>.\n\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The Mandarin <i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> book here uses <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9le h\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((ji\u00e9\u00b7le\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (a knot of)} \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u4e86\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u4e86<\/span>)\n(h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">marrying \u2192 [marriage]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[[got] married]<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> to correspond with the English expression \u201cgot married\u201d. <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cJi\u00e9le h\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((Ji\u00e9\u00b7le\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (a knot of)} \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u4e86\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u4e86<\/span>)\n(h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">marrying \u2192 [marriage]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[[got] married]<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammar-monster.com\/glossary\/past_participles.htm\" title=\"Past Participle: Definition and Examples\">past participle<\/a> of <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9h\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(ji\u00e9\u00b7h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{tie (a knot of)} \u00b7 {marrying \u2192 [marriage]} \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[marry; get married]<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u5a5a\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u5a5a<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i>, which corresponds to \u201cget married\u201d in English. Interestingly, while in English \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wordnik.com\/words\/tie%20the%20knot\" title=\"tie the knot - definition and meaning\">tie the knot<\/a>\u201d can mean \u201cget married\u201d, <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9h\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(ji\u00e9\u00b7h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{tie (a knot of)} \u00b7 {marrying \u2192 [marriage]} \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[marry; get married]<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u5a5a\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u5a5a<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> literally means \u201ctie (a\/the) knot of marrying\u201d.<\/p>\n<h4>Morphemic Breakdown<\/h4>\n<p>The <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">{tie [(a knot of)]}; knit; weave; [\u2192 [congeal; form; forge; cement | join together; bind; connect; unite | settle; conclude]] | <span class=\"lit\">{tying (of a knot)} \u2192<\/span> [knot | (electrical) junction | node | written guarantee; affidavit; bond]<\/span>\n\u7ed3\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> in <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9le h\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((ji\u00e9\u00b7le\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (a knot of)} \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u4e86\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u4e86<\/span>)\n(h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">marrying \u2192 [marriage]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[[got] married]<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> basically means \u201cto tie\u201d, and based on that, it can have a variety of effective meanings in different contexts. For example, a common expression in which it appears is <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9gu\u01d2<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(ji\u00e9\u00b7gu\u01d2\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (into a knot) \u2192 [formed]} \u00b7 fruit \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[result | as a result]<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u679c\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u679c<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d,<\/i> which literally means \u201ctied (into a knot) (i.e., formed) fruit\u201d, and which effectively means \u201cresult\u201d, or \u201cas a result\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>As for the <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201ch\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">wedding; marrying; {getting married} [\u2192 [marriage; wedding]]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> in <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9le h\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((ji\u00e9\u00b7le\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (a knot of)} \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u4e86\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u4e86<\/span>)\n(h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">marrying \u2192 [marriage]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[[got] married]<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i>, it\u2019s basically a verb that means \u201cto wed\u201d or \u201cto marry\u201d. It\u2019s often used as a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verbal_noun\" title=\"Verbal noun - Wikipedia\">verbal noun<\/a>, or gerundial noun, as it is in <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201ch\u016bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(h\u016bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{marrying \u2192 [marriage]} \u00b7 marriage \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[marriage; matrimony]<\/span>\n\u5a5a\u59fb)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i>.<\/p>\n<h4>What About the \u201cLe\u201d?<\/h4>\n<p>Okay, but what about the <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cle<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo a\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">-ed | {to completion} | [<i>(at the end of a phrase\/sentence) indicates a change<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u4e86)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> in <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9le h\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((ji\u00e9\u00b7le\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (a knot of)} \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u4e86\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u4e86<\/span>)\n(h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">marrying \u2192 [marriage]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[[got] married]<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i>? The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABC_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary\" title=\"ABC Chinese\u2013English Dictionary - Wikipedia\"><i>ABC Chinese-English Dictionary<\/i><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_DeFrancis\" title=\"John DeFrancis - Wikipedia\">John DeFrancis<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor_H._Mair\" title=\"Victor H. Mair - Wikipedia\">Victor H. Mair<\/a>, among others, says that when <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cle<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">-ed | {to completion} | [<i>(at the end of a phrase\/sentence) indicates a change<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u4e86)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> is used this way, it\u2019s an aspect marker. What\u2019s that? <a href=\"https:\/\/android.pleco.com\/manual\/240\/abc.html#pos\" title=\"ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary\">The ABC Chinese-English Dictionary explains<\/a> it like this:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n<strong>A.M.<\/strong> (Aspect Marker, <strong>T\u01d0bi\u0101oj\u00ec<\/strong> \u4f53\u6807\u8bb0).<\/p>\n<p>Aspect means the stage of completion of an action. Chinese usually uses verbal suffixes as a means of indicating this information. Examples of Chinese aspect include the:<\/p>\n<p>(i) durative (action in progress, much like \u2018-ing\u2019 in English), e.g., <strong>zhe<\/strong> in <strong>k\u00e0nzhe<\/strong> \u2018is watching\u2019;<\/p>\n<p>(ii) perfective (completed action), e.g., <strong>le<\/strong> in <strong>\u00e0nle w\u01d4 ge di\u00e0ny\u01d0ng<\/strong>, \u2018saw five movies\u2019; and<\/p>\n<p>(iii) experiential (much like the \u2018ever\u2019 in the question \u2018Have you ever . . . ?\u2019), e.g., <strong>guo<\/strong> in <strong>ji\u00e0nguo t\u0101<\/strong> \u2018have met him before\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Note that aspect is not the same thing as tense. Tense refers to when the action takes place relative to when the utterance is actually spoken, and so at most any language can have only three tenses: past, present and future. Aspect, on the other hand, can occur in any tense, so that even completed action can be spoken of in the<\/p>\n<p>(a) past, e.g., <strong>T\u0101 zu\u00f3ti\u0101n d\u00e0ole B\u011bijn\u0304g<\/strong> \u2018He arrived in Beijing yesterday\u2019;<\/p>\n<p>(b) present, e.g., <strong>T\u0101 xi\u00e0nz\u00e0i d\u00e0ole B\u011bij\u012bng<\/strong> \u2018He has now arrived in Beijing\u2019; or<\/p>\n<p>(c) future, e.g., <strong>T\u0101 m\u00edngti\u0101n zh\u00e8ige sh\u00edhou y\u01d0jing d\u00e0ole B\u011bij\u012bng <\/strong>\u2018He will already have arrived in Beijing by this time tomorrow\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>(See also M.P. for usage of <strong>le<\/strong> as a sentence-final particle.)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>(\u201cM.P.\u201d is this dictionary\u2019s abbreviation for \u201cmodal particle\u201d, which is what <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cle<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">-ed | {to completion} | [<i>(at the end of a phrase\/sentence) indicates a change<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u4e86)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> is when it\u2019s at the end of a phrase or sentence (and thus followed immediately by a punctuation mark). <a href=\"https:\/\/android.pleco.com\/manual\/240\/abc.html#pos\" title=\"ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary\">More information on modal particles can be found on this list that\u2019s in alphabetical order.<\/a>)<\/p>\n<h4>When Should There Be a Space Before \u201cLe\u201d?<\/h4>\n<p>Different publications follow different rules about when to put a space before <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cle<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">-ed | {to completion} | [<i>(at the end of a phrase\/sentence) indicates a change<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u4e86)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> when it appears in <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> text. Even the PRC government\u2019s official national standard (actually, it\u2019s a set of <em>recommendations)<\/em> for <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> orthography, <a href=\"https:\/\/pinyin.info\/rules\/GBT16159-2012.html\" title=\"GB\/T 16159-2012 \u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u6b63\u8bcd\u6cd5\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5219 Basic rules of the Chinese phonetic alphabet orthography\">GB\/T 16159-2012<\/a>, is not as clear, precise, and thorough as one might wish in this regard. (GB\/T 16159-2012 is discussed in more detail in the <a href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2021\/09\/06\/dianliang\/\" title=\"di\u01cenli\u00e0ng - Mandarin Expression of the Week\">MEotW post<\/a> on <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cdi\u01cenli\u00e0ng<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(di\u01cen\u00b7li\u00e0ng\n<span class=\"mt\">{dot \u2192 [light (<i>v<\/i>); ignite]} \u00b7 {to be bright} [\u2192 [illuminate; shine light on]]<\/span>\n\u70b9\u4eae\n<span class=\"trad\">\u9ede\u4eae<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d.)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>When it comes to when to put a space before <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cle<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">-ed | {to completion} | [<i>(at the end of a phrase\/sentence) indicates a change<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u4e86)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i> in <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> text, <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> Plus material follows the guidelines put forth in this excerpt (available from <a href=\"https:\/\/pinyin.info\/readings\/orthography.html\" title=\"Chinese Romanization: Pronunciation and Orthography\">this page<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/pinyin.info\/\" title=\"Pinyin\">pinyin.info<\/a>) from the book <i>Chinese Romanization: Pronunciation and Orthography<\/i>, by Yin Binyong and Mary Felley:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/img\/screenshots\/GoodReader\/le-orthography_rules-1.png\" alt=\"_P\u012bny\u012bn_ orthography rules for \u201cle (\u4e86)\u201d, 1st page, from the book _Chinese Romanization: Pronunciation and Orthography_\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/img\/screenshots\/GoodReader\/le-orthography_rules-2.png\" alt=\"_P\u012bny\u012bn_ orthography rules for \u201cle (\u4e86)\u201d, 2nd page, from the book _Chinese Romanization: Pronunciation and Orthography_\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/img\/screenshots\/GoodReader\/le-orthography_rules-3.png\" alt=\"_P\u012bny\u012bn_ orthography rules for \u201cle (\u4e86)\u201d, 3rd page, from the book _Chinese Romanization: Pronunciation and Orthography_\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/p>\n<p>(The highlights were added by me. Note that this book calls <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cle<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(<span class=\"mt\">-ed | {to completion} | [<i>(at the end of a phrase\/sentence) indicates a change<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u4e86)<\/span><i>\u201d<\/i>, as used in <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>\u201cji\u00e9le h\u016bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n((ji\u00e9\u00b7le\n<span class=\"lit\">{tied (a knot of)} \u00b7 {to completion}<\/span>\n\u7ed3\u4e86\n<span class=\"trad\">\u7d50\u4e86<\/span>)\n(h\u016bn\n<span class=\"lit\">marrying \u2192 [marriage]<\/span>\n\u5a5a)\n<span class=\"lit\">\u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[[got] married]<\/span>)<\/span><i>\u201d,<\/i> a \u201ctense particle\u201d, or a \u201ctense-marking particle\u201d. Also, its term for \u201cmodal particle\u201d is \u201cmood particle\u201d.)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>For convenience:<\/p>\n<p>The direct link for the <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> Plus resource for the <i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> book is:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/lfb\/Pinyin_Plus\/index.html\" title=\"Learn From the Bible Bk. (P\u012bny\u012bn Plus, Web)\"><i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> Bk. (<i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i> Plus, Web)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The short link for Chinese field language-learning links for the <i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> book is:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/tiandi.info\/lfb\" title=\"Learn From the Bible Book Links - tiandi.info\"><i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> Book Links (<strong>tiandi.info\/lfb<\/strong>)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>More <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> and <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> Plus web material based on the Mandarin <i>Learn From the Bible<\/i> book will be made available in the <span onclick=\"plus(this)\"><i>P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span><span class=\"plusinfo\" onclick=\"minus(this)\">\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n<span class=\"lit\">{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> <span class=\"mt\">[Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/lfb\/Pinyin_Plus\/index.html\" title=\"Learn From the Bible Bk. (P\u012bny\u012bn Plus, Web)\">Plus<\/a> web resource as time allows.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[Notes: Tap\/click on a expression to reveal its \u201cflashcard\u201d; tap\/click on a \u201cflashcard\u201d or its expression to hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d. \ud83d\udcd6 \ud83d\udcc4 \ud83d\udcd8 icons mean \ud83d\udcd6 Reveal All, \ud83d\udcc4 Reveal Advanced, and \ud83d\udcd8 Reveal None re all the \u201cflashcards\u201d in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.] A few years [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,445,98,176,15],"tags":[90,323,22,37,325,316,320,31,166,327,324,329,47,319,76,322,29,78,80,301,79,321,328,54,30,39,326],"class_list":["post-4040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-experiences","category-history","category-science","category-theocratic","tag-abc-chinese-english-dictionary","tag-aspect-markers","tag-china","tag-chinese-culture","tag-chinese-romanization-pronunciation-and-orthography","tag-empathy","tag-imitate-bk","tag-john-defrancis","tag-learn-from-the-bible-bk","tag-mary-felley","tag-modal-particles","tag-mood-particles","tag-morphemes","tag-natalie-portman","tag-orthography","tag-past-participles","tag-pinyin","tag-pinyin-plus","tag-punctuation","tag-short-links","tag-standards","tag-stories","tag-tense-particles","tag-verbal-nouns","tag-victor-h-mair","tag-western-culture","tag-yin-binyong"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ji\u00e9le h\u016bn - Mandarin Expression of the Week<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2023\/10\/21\/jiele-hun\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ji\u00e9le h\u016bn - Mandarin Expression of the Week\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[Notes: Tap\/click on a expression to reveal its \u201cflashcard\u201d; 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