{"id":3886,"date":"2023-09-06T20:37:18","date_gmt":"2023-09-07T03:37:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/?p=3886"},"modified":"2023-09-06T20:37:22","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T03:37:22","slug":"tianxia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2023\/09\/06\/tianxia\/","title":{"rendered":"ti\u0101nxi\u00e0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\n\t\t\tti\u0101nxi\u00e0<\/span>\n(ti\u0101n\u00b7xi\u00e0\nheaven \u00b7 under \u2192<\/span> [all under heaven; the whole world]<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0b)<\/span>\n\n \u2190 Tap\/click to show\/hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n\n

[Notes:<\/strong> Tap\/click on a P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> expression to reveal its <\/span>\u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span>; tap\/click on a <\/span>\u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span> or its P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> expression to hide the<\/span> \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span>. \ud83d\udcd6<\/span> \ud83d\udcc4<\/span> \ud83d\udcd8 icons mean \ud83d\udcd6<\/span> Reveal All<\/strong>, \ud83d\udcc4<\/span> Reveal Advanced<\/strong>, and \ud83d\udcd8 Reveal None<\/strong> re all the \u201cflashcards\u201d<\/span> in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.]<\/p>\n

At the time of this writing, the main page of jw.org<\/a> was featuring the following headline in support of a global campaign:<\/p>\n

English<\/p>\n

\nWill War Ever End?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Mandarin:<\/p>\n

\n\n\ud83d\udcd6<\/span> \ud83d\udcc4<\/span> \ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n\n\nTi\u0101nxi\u00e0<\/span>\n(Ti\u0101n\u00b7xi\u00e0\nHeaven \u00b7 Under \u2192<\/span> [the Whole World]<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0b)<\/span>\n<\/strong>\n\nHu\u00ec<\/span>\n(Will<\/span>\n\u4f1a\n\u6703<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nT\u00e0ip\u00edng<\/span>\n(T\u00e0i\u00b7p\u00edng\nSupremely \u00b7 {Be Flat, Level, Even \u2192<\/span> [Be Peaceful]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u592a\u5e73)<\/span>\n\nMa<\/span>\n([? ptcl for \u201cyes\/no\u201d questions<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u5417\n\u55ce<\/span>)<\/span>?\n\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Screenshot<\/p>\n

The Mandarin headline shown above is derived from the common expression \u201cti\u0101nxi\u00e0<\/i><\/span>\n(ti\u0101n\u00b7xi\u00e0\nheaven \u00b7 under \u2192<\/span> [all under heaven; the whole world]<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0b)<\/span>\u2010t\u00e0ip\u00edng<\/i><\/span>\n(t\u00e0i\u00b7p\u00edng\nsupreme \u00b7 {being flat, level, even \u2192 [being peaceful]} \u2192<\/span> [peace; tranquility] | supremely \u00b7 {[be] flat, level, even \u2192<\/span> [[be] peaceful]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u592a\u5e73)<\/span>\u201d,<\/i> which basically means \u201cpeace on earth\u201d. Note that the expression \u201cti\u0101nxi\u00e0<\/i><\/span>\n(ti\u0101n\u00b7xi\u00e0\nheaven \u00b7 under \u2192<\/span> [all under heaven; the whole world]<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0b)<\/span>\u201d,<\/i> this week\u2019s MEotW, may also be capitalized, since it may be used in reference to \u201cTi\u0101n<\/i><\/span>\n(Heaven [\u2192 [God]]<\/span>\n\u5929)<\/span>\u201d<\/i> (the Chinese mythological concept of Heaven<\/a>), which should really be capitalized for a similar reason to why \u201cSh\u00e0ngd\u00ec<\/i><\/span>\n(Sh\u00e0ng\u00b7d\u00ec\nAbove\u2019s \u00b7 {Emperor \u2192 [God]} \u2192<\/span> [God]<\/span>\n\u4e0a\u5e1d)<\/span>\u201d<\/i> (also a term used by the ancient Chinese) is capitalized.<\/p>\n

Heaven\u2026<\/h4>\n

This excerpt from the MEotW post<\/a> on \u201cSh\u00e0ngti\u0101n<\/i><\/span>\n(Sh\u00e0ng\u00b7ti\u0101n\nAbove\u2019s \u00b7 {Heaven [\u2192 [God]]} \u2192<\/span> [Heaven; Providence; God]<\/span>\n\u4e0a\u5929)<\/span>\u201d<\/i> recounts how the Chinese concept of Heaven developed:<\/p>\n

\nAs mentioned in the MEotW post<\/a> on \u201cSh\u00e0ngd\u00ec<\/i><\/span>\n(Sh\u00e0ng\u00b7d\u00ec\nAbove\u2019s \u00b7 {Emperor \u2192 [God]} \u2192<\/span> [God]<\/span>\n\u4e0a\u5e1d)<\/span>\u201d<\/i>:<\/p>\n

\nThe Lasting Peace<\/i> brochure has a box<\/a> explaining how the concept of Sh\u00e0ngd\u00ec<\/i><\/span>\n(Sh\u00e0ng\u00b7d\u00ec\nAbove\u2019s \u00b7 {Emperor \u2192 [God]} \u2192<\/span> [God]<\/span>\n\u4e0a\u5e1d)<\/span> has been viewed in China throughout its history.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Here is a quote from that box that relates how the Chinese came to view the \u201cTi\u0101n<\/i><\/span>\n(Heaven [\u2192 [God]]<\/span>\n\u5929)<\/span>\u201d<\/i> in \u201cSh\u00e0ngti\u0101n<\/i><\/span>\n(Sh\u00e0ng\u00b7ti\u0101n\nAbove\u2019s \u00b7 {Heaven [\u2192 [God]]} \u2192<\/span> [Heaven; Providence; God]<\/span>\n\u4e0a\u5929)<\/span>\u201d<\/i>, and how that affected their understanding of Sh\u00e0ngd\u00ec<\/i><\/span>\n(Sh\u00e0ng\u00b7d\u00ec\nAbove\u2019s \u00b7 {Emperor \u2192 [God]} \u2192<\/span> [God]<\/span>\n\u4e0a\u5e1d)<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\n\u2026according to Chinese historical records, between three and four thousand years ago, during the Xia and Shang dynasties, the Chinese were already worshipping one supreme deity. The book The Religious History of China<\/em> explains that they \u201creckoned that between heaven and earth there was a principal God who stood supreme and had absolute control over all things. . . . This supreme deity came to be called Di,<\/em> or Shang-di,<\/em> during the Shang Dynasty, and was known as Tien<\/em> [heaven], or Tien-di<\/em> [Emperor in Heaven], during the Zhou Dynasty [11th century to 256 B.C.E.].\u201d Thus, the ancient Chinese believed in the existence of a Supreme Sovereign of the universe.<\/p>\n

During the Spring and Autumn period (c. 722-481 B.C.E.) and the Warring States period (c. 480-221 B.C.E.), Confucianism and Taoism gained ascendancy. Influenced by these two schools of thought, the worship of Shang-di<\/em> was gradually replaced by the abstract idea of reverence for Tien.<\/em> By the Han dynasty (202 B.C.E.\u2013221 C.E.), under the dominance of Confucianism, the Chinese became engrossed in moral culture and social order, and the concept of Shang-di<\/em> suffered another setback. With the spread of Buddhism into China, the Chinese no longer held to the belief of a Creator who is in control of the universe, but they accepted Heaven, or Providence, as the first cause of all things. Since then, the concept of God, or Shang-di,<\/em> has become something completely foreign to most Chinese.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u2026and All Under Heaven<\/h4>\n

What about when \u201cTi\u0101n<\/i><\/span>\n(Heaven [\u2192 [God]]<\/span>\n\u5929)<\/span>\u201d<\/i> is combined with the common and seemingly simple morpheme<\/a> \u201cxi\u00e0<\/i><\/span>\n(below; under; underneath [\u2192 [next; later; following]] | downward; down | {go\/come\/put\/set\/bring down}; descend | fall | {be less\/lower than} | lower; inferior | {times going\/coming\/putting\/setting\/bringing down}<\/span>\n\u4e0b)<\/span>\u201d,<\/i> which here means \u201cunder\u201d? Wikipedia<\/a> provides this summary of what \u201cTi\u0101nxi\u00e0<\/i><\/span>\n(Ti\u0101n\u00b7xi\u00e0\nHeaven \u00b7 under \u2192<\/span> [all under Heaven; the whole world | the whole of China]<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0b)<\/span>\u201d<\/i> came to mean in Chinese culture:<\/p>\n

\nTianxia<\/i><\/strong> (Chinese: \u5929\u4e0b), literally meaning “(all) under Heaven”, is a Chinese term for a historical Chinese cultural concept that denoted either the entire geographical world or the metaphysical realm of mortals, and later became associated with political sovereignty. In ancient China and imperial China, tianxia<\/i> denoted the lands, space, and area divinely appointed to the Chinese sovereign by universal and well-defined principles of order. The center of this land was directly apportioned to the Chinese court, forming the center of a world view that centered on the Chinese court and went concentrically outward to major and minor officials and then the common subjects, tributary states, and finally ending with fringe “barbarians”.<\/p>\n

The center of this world view was not exclusionary in nature, and outer groups, such as ethnic minorities and foreign people, who accepted the mandate of the Chinese Emperor were themselves received and included into the Chinese tianxia<\/i>. In classical Chinese political thought, the “Son of Heaven”, having received the Mandate of Heaven, would nominally be the ruler of the entire world.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In passing, we can note that the above describes Sinocentrism<\/a>, the view of China as the centre of the world, as discussed in the MEotW post<\/a> on \u201cZh\u014dnggu\u00f3<\/i><\/span>\n(Zh\u014dng\u00b7gu\u00f3\nCentral \u00b7 Nation \u2192<\/span> [China | Chinese]<\/span>\n\u4e2d\u56fd\n\u4e2d\u570b<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d<\/i>. Anyway, what is this \u201cMandate of Heaven\u201d that\u2019s mentioned above? Wikipedia<\/a> provides this summary:<\/p>\n

\nThe Mandate of Heaven<\/strong> (Chinese: \u5929\u547d; pinyin: Ti\u0101nm\u00ecng<\/i>; Wade\u2013Giles: T’ien-ming<\/i>; lit. ‘Heaven’s command’) is a Chinese political philosophy that was used in ancient and imperial China to legitimize the rule of the King or Emperor of China.[source]<\/a><\/sup> According to this doctrine, heaven (\u5929, Tian<\/i>) bestows its mandate[source]<\/a><\/sup> on a virtuous ruler. This ruler, the Son of Heaven, was the supreme universal monarch, who ruled Tianxia<\/i> (\u5929\u4e0b; “all under heaven”, the world).[source]<\/a><\/sup> If a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy and had lost the mandate.[source]<\/a><\/sup> It was also a common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were divine retributions bearing signs of Heaven’s displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts following major disasters as the people saw these calamities as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.[source]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cThe Most High is Ruler\u201d<\/h4>\n

As seen from its usage on jw.org<\/a>, as shown above, \u201cTi\u0101nxi\u00e0<\/i><\/span>\n(Ti\u0101n\u00b7xi\u00e0\nHeaven \u00b7 under \u2192<\/span> [all under Heaven; the whole world | the whole of China]<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0b)<\/span>\u201d<\/i> (or \u201cti\u0101nxi\u00e0<\/i><\/span>\n(ti\u0101n\u00b7xi\u00e0\nheaven \u00b7 under \u2192<\/span> [all under heaven; the whole world]<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0b)<\/span>\u201d<\/i> with a lowercase \u201ct\u201d, corresponding to an uncapitalized \u201cheaven\u201d) is now often used just to mean \u201cthe whole world\u201d, or \u201cthroughout the earth\u201d. However, some continue to seek to apply the concept of \u201cTi\u0101nxi\u00e0<\/i><\/span>\n(Ti\u0101n\u00b7xi\u00e0\nHeaven \u00b7 under \u2192<\/span> [all under Heaven; the whole world | the whole of China]<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0b)<\/span>\u201d<\/i> to the contemporary<\/a> world by connecting it to China\u2019s current political influence, which some aspire to spread to the whole world. In this regard, it would be good to bear in mind the lesson referred to in Daniel 4:25, 26<\/a> that Babylon\u2019s King Nebuchadnezzar had to learn, that really, \u201cthe Most High is Ruler in the kingdom of mankind\u201d, and that \u201cthe heavens are ruling\u201d, not him, a mere human king.<\/p>\n

Also, as the article linked to by the above-mentioned headline on jw.org<\/a> says:<\/p>\n

English<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\n[The Bible] says that \u201cthe God of heaven will set up a kingdom that will never be destroyed.\u201d (Daniel 2:44<\/a>) Under that Kingdom, or government, God will bring \u201can end to wars throughout the earth<\/strong>.\u201d\u2014Psalm 46:9<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Mandarin<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\n\n\ud83d\udcd6<\/span> \ud83d\udcc4<\/span> \ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n\nSh\u00e8ngj\u012bng<\/span>\n(Sh\u00e8ng\u00b7j\u012bng\n(the) Holy \u00b7 Scriptures \u2192<\/span> [the Bible]<\/span>\n\u5723\u7ecf\n\u8056\u7d93<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nshu\u014d<\/span>\n(says<\/span>\n\u8bf4\n\u8aaa\/\u8aac<\/span>)<\/span>:\n\n\u201cTi\u0101nshang<\/span>\n(Ti\u0101n\u00b7shang\nheaven \u00b7 upon<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0a)<\/span>\n\nde<\/span>\n(\u2019s<\/span>\n\u7684)<\/span>\n\nSh\u00e0ngd\u00ec<\/span>\n(Sh\u00e0ng\u00b7d\u00ec\nAbove\u2019s \u00b7 {Emperor \u2192 [God]} \u2192<\/span> [God]<\/span>\n\u4e0a\u5e1d)<\/span>\n\ny\u00e0o<\/span>\n(will<\/span>\n\u8981)<\/span>\n\nsh\u00e8l\u00ec<\/span>\n(sh\u00e8\u00b7l\u00ec\n{set up} \u00b7 {make to stand}<\/span>\n\u8bbe\u7acb\n\u8a2d\u7acb<\/span>)<\/span>\n\ny\u00ed<\/span>\n(one<\/span>\n\u4e00)<\/span>\n\nge<\/span>\n([mw<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u4e2a\n\u500b\/\u7b87\/\u4e2a<\/span>)<\/span>\n\ny\u01d2ngb\u00fa<\/span>\n(y\u01d2ng\u00b7b\u00fa\nforever \u00b7 not<\/span>\n\u6c38\u4e0d)<\/span>\n\nmi\u00e8w\u00e1ng<\/span>\n(mi\u00e8\u00b7w\u00e1ng\n{will be extinguished} \u00b7 {will die}<\/span>\n\u706d\u4ea1\n\u6ec5\u4ea1<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nde<\/span>\n(\u2019s<\/span>\n\u7684)<\/span>\n\nw\u00e1nggu\u00f3<\/span>\n(w\u00e1ng\u00b7gu\u00f3\nking\u2019s \u00b7 nation \u2192<\/span> [kingdom]<\/span>\n\u738b\u56fd\n\u738b\u570b<\/span>)<\/span>.\u201d\n\n(D\u00e0ny\u01d0l\u01d0sh\u016b<\/span>\n(D\u00e0ny\u01d0l\u01d0\u00b7sh\u016b\nDaniel \u00b7 Book<\/span>\n\u4f46\u4ee5\u7406\u4e66\n\u4f46\u4ee5\u7406\u66f8<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n2:44<\/a>)\n\nSh\u00e0ngd\u00ec<\/span>\n(Sh\u00e0ng\u00b7d\u00ec\nAbove\u2019s \u00b7 {Emperor \u2192 [God]} \u2192<\/span> [God]<\/span>\n\u4e0a\u5e1d)<\/span>\n\nhu\u00ec<\/span>\n(will<\/span>\n\u4f1a\n\u6703<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nt\u014dnggu\u00f2<\/span>\n(t\u014dng\u00b7gu\u00f2\nthrough \u00b7 passing \u2192 [passing through] \u2192<\/span> [through]<\/span>\n\u901a\u8fc7\n\u901a\u904e<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nzh\u00e8ige<\/span>\n(zh\u00e8i\u00b7ge\nthis \u00b7 [mw<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\n\u9019\u500b<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nW\u00e1nggu\u00f3<\/span>\n(W\u00e1ng\u00b7gu\u00f3\nKing\u2019s \u00b7 Nation \u2192<\/span> [Kingdom]<\/span>\n\u738b\u56fd\n\u738b\u570b<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n\u201czh\u014dngzh\u01d0<\/span>\n(zh\u014dng\u00b7zh\u01d0\nend \u00b7 halt<\/span>\n\u7ec8\u6b62\n\u7d42\u6b62<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nzh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng<\/span>\n(zh\u00e0n\u00b7zh\u0113ng\nwars \u00b7 contendings \u2192<\/span> [wars]<\/span>\n\u6218\u4e89\n\u6230\u722d<\/span>)<\/span>,\n\np\u00edngd\u00ecng<\/span>\n(p\u00edng\u00b7d\u00ecng\n{make to be flat, level, even \u2192<\/span> [make to be peaceful]}<\/span> \u00b7 {make to be settled \u2192<\/span> [make to be calm]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u5e73\u5b9a)<\/span>\n\nti\u0101nxi\u00e0<\/span>\n(ti\u0101n\u00b7xi\u00e0\nheaven \u00b7 under \u2192<\/span> [the whole world]<\/span>\n\u5929\u4e0b)<\/span><\/strong>\u201d.\n\n(Sh\u012bpi\u0101n<\/span>\n(Sh\u012b\u00b7pi\u0101n\n{Sacred Song} \u00b7 {Piece of Writing} \u2192<\/span> [Psalm]<\/span>\n\u8bd7\u7bc7\n\u8a69\u7bc7<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n46:9<\/a>)\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

(For reference, here are the P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together of} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> Plus links for the scriptures cited above: D\u00e0ny\u01d0l\u01d0sh\u016b<\/i><\/span>\n(D\u00e0ny\u01d0l\u01d0\u00b7sh\u016b\nDaniel \u00b7 Book<\/span>\n\u4f46\u4ee5\u7406\u4e66\n\u4f46\u4ee5\u7406\u66f8<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n2:44<\/a>;\n\nSh\u012bpi\u0101n<\/i><\/span>\n(Sh\u012b\u00b7pi\u0101n\n{Sacred Song} \u00b7 {Piece of Writing} \u2192<\/span> [Psalm]<\/span>\n\u8bd7\u7bc7\n\u8a69\u7bc7<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n46:9<\/a>.)\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[Notes: Tap\/click on a expression to reveal its \u201cflashcard\u201d; tap\/click on a \u201cflashcard\u201d or its expression to hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d. \ud83d\udcd6 \ud83d\udcc4 \ud83d\udcd8 icons mean \ud83d\udcd6 Reveal All, \ud83d\udcc4 Reveal Advanced, and \ud83d\udcd8 Reveal None re all the \u201cflashcards\u201d in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.] At the time […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,61,98,15],"tags":[125,22,37,119,239,47,78,143,99,136],"class_list":["post-3886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-current-events","category-history","category-theocratic","tag-capitalization","tag-china","tag-chinese-culture","tag-jw-org","tag-lasting-peace-br","tag-morphemes","tag-pinyin-plus","tag-related-expressions","tag-sinocentrism","tag-usage-examples"],"yoast_head":"\nti\u0101nxi\u00e0 - 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