{"id":2409,"date":"2022-08-01T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-01T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/?p=2409"},"modified":"2023-09-21T22:28:54","modified_gmt":"2023-09-22T05:28:54","slug":"gaowen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2022\/08\/01\/gaowen\/","title":{"rendered":"g\u0101ow\u0113n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\n\t\t\tg\u0101ow\u0113n<\/span>\n(g\u0101o\u00b7w\u0113n\nhigh \u00b7 {being warm \u2192<\/span> [temperature]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u9ad8\u6e29\n\u9ad8\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n \u2190 Tap\/click to show\/hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n\n

[Notes:<\/strong> Tap\/click on a P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> expression to reveal its <\/span>\u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span>; tap\/click on a <\/span>\u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span> or its P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> expression to hide the<\/span> \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span>. \ud83d\udcd6<\/span> \ud83d\udcc4<\/span> \ud83d\udcd8 icons mean \ud83d\udcd6<\/span> Reveal All<\/strong>, \ud83d\udcc4<\/span> Reveal Advanced<\/strong>, and \ud83d\udcd8 Reveal None<\/strong> re all the \u201cflashcards\u201d<\/span> in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.]<\/p>\n

Currently, many around the world are being affected by high<\/a> temperatures<\/a>, which scientists say is part of a pattern of global warming<\/a> caused by human activity. As of this writing, jw.org<\/a> is featuring the article \u201cRecord-Breaking Temperatures Worldwide\u2014What Does the Bible Say?<\/a>\u201d. The Mandarin version<\/a> of this article uses the expression \u201cp\u00f2<\/i><\/span>\n(breaking<\/span>\n\u7834)<\/span>\n\nj\u00ecl\u00f9<\/i><\/span>\n(records<\/span>\n\u8bb0\/\u7eaa\u5f55\n\u8a18\/\u7d00\u9304<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nde<\/i><\/span>\n(\u2019<\/span>\n\u7684)<\/span>\n\ng\u0101ow\u0113n<\/i><\/span>\n(g\u0101o\u00b7w\u0113n\nhigh \u00b7 {(incidents of) being warm \u2192<\/span> [temperatures]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u9ad8\u6e29\n\u9ad8\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d to translate the English expression \u201crecord-breaking temperatures\u201d. (When talking to people, mentioning that the temperatures being reported worldwide are \u201cp\u00f2<\/i><\/span>\n(breaking<\/span>\n\u7834)<\/span>\n\nj\u00ecl\u00f9<\/i><\/span>\n(records<\/span>\n\u8bb0\/\u7eaa\u5f55\n\u8a18\/\u7d00\u9304<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d (record-breaking) will emphasize that these are noteworthy, atypical (unusual) temperatures.)<\/p>\n

The morpheme<\/a> \u201cw\u0113n<\/i><\/span>\n({[is] warm} [\u2192 [temperature]] | {warm [up]} [\u2192 [review; revise | recall; recollect; relive]]<\/span>\n\u6e29\n\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, as used in \u201cg\u0101ow\u0113n<\/i><\/span>\n(g\u0101o\u00b7w\u0113n\nhigh \u00b7 {being warm \u2192<\/span> [temperature]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u9ad8\u6e29\n\u9ad8\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, can be thought of as being short for \u201cw\u0113nd\u00f9<\/i><\/span>\n(w\u0113n\u00b7d\u00f9\n{(of) being warm} \u00b7 {degree of intensity} \u2192<\/span> [temperature]<\/span>\n\u6e29\u5ea6\n\u6eab\u5ea6<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, which is often used to translate \u201ctemperature\u201d.<\/p>\n

Stative Verbs<\/h4>\n

We can also note that in \u201cg\u0101ow\u0113n<\/i><\/span>\n(g\u0101o\u00b7w\u0113n\nhigh \u00b7 {being warm \u2192<\/span> [temperature]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u9ad8\u6e29\n\u9ad8\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, \u201cw\u0113n<\/i><\/span>\n({[is] warm} [\u2192 [temperature]] | {warm [up]} [\u2192 [review; revise | recall; recollect; relive]]<\/span>\n\u6e29\n\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d has a literal meaning of \u201cbeing warm\u201d. Thus, it is here being a stative verb<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cW\u0113n<\/i><\/span>\n({[is] warm} [\u2192 [temperature]] | {warm [up]} [\u2192 [review; revise | recall; recollect; relive]]<\/span>\n\u6e29\n\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d is also a stative verb in past MEotW \u201cw\u0113nh\u00e9<\/i><\/span>\n(w\u0113n\u00b7h\u00e9\n{[is] warm} \u00b7 {[is] gentle}; {[is] mild}; {[is] moderate} [\u2192 [mildness]]<\/span>\n\u6e29\u548c\n\u6eab\u548c<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d. The MEotW post<\/a> for \u201cw\u0113nh\u00e9<\/i><\/span>\n(w\u0113n\u00b7h\u00e9\n{[is] warm} \u00b7 {[is] gentle}; {[is] mild}; {[is] moderate} [\u2192 [mildness]]<\/span>\n\u6e29\u548c\n\u6eab\u548c<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d said the following about stative verbs:<\/p>\n

\nThe ABC Chinese-English Dictionary<\/i><\/a>, edited by John DeFrancis<\/a> and Victor H. Mair<\/a>, among others, tells us the following<\/a> about the entries in it that are marked as stative verbs:<\/p>\n

S.V<\/strong>. (Stative Verb, X\u00edngr\u00f3ngc\u00ed<\/strong> \u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd).<\/p>\n

These entries are frequently translated into English as adjectives, even though they actually behave in Chinese as verbs. That is, the sense of ‘to be’ is already incorporated into these verbs, e.g. Zh\u00e8ige h\u011bn h\u01ceo<\/strong> ‘This is quite good.’ In fact, it is simply ungrammatical to place the verb sh\u00ec<\/strong>, ‘to be’, directly in front of a stative verb.<\/p>\n

Because stative verbs are actually verbs, they are directly negated by b\u00f9<\/strong>, e.g. b\u00f9 h\u01ceo<\/strong> ‘not good’, and can be further modified by adverbs of degree such as h\u011bn<\/strong> ‘quite’, f\u0113ich\u00e1ng<\/strong> ‘extremely’ and sh\u00edf\u0113n<\/strong> ‘very; utterly’. One common function of stative verbs is that they may serve as adverbs to other actions, e.g. m\u00e0nm\u00e0n<\/strong> in m\u00e0nm\u00e0n ch\u012b<\/strong> ‘Take your time (eating)’ and r\u00e8nzh\u0113n<\/strong> in r\u00e8nzh\u0113n de xi\u011b<\/strong> ‘write carefully’.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Usage Examples<\/h4>\n

Here are a couple of examples of \u201cg\u0101ow\u0113n<\/i><\/span>\n(g\u0101o\u00b7w\u0113n\nhigh \u00b7 {being warm \u2192<\/span> [temperature]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u9ad8\u6e29\n\u9ad8\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d in use, taken from the above-mentioned jw.org<\/a> article:<\/p>\n

English:<\/p>\n

\n[Recently,] record-breaking temperatures [have been] reported worldwide.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Mandarin:<\/p>\n

\n\n\ud83d\udcd6<\/span> \ud83d\udcc4<\/span> \ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n\nZu\u00ecj\u00ecn<\/span>\n(Zu\u00ec\u00b7j\u00ecn\nmost \u00b7 {being near \u2192 [being recent]} \u2192<\/span> [recently]<\/span>\n\u6700\u8fd1)<\/span>,\n\nsh\u00ecji\u00e8<\/span>\n(sh\u00ec\u00b7ji\u00e8\n{generation \u2192 [world]} \u00b7 extent \u2192<\/span> [world]<\/span>\n\u4e16\u754c)<\/span>\n\ng\u00e8d\u00ec<\/span>\n(g\u00e8\u00b7d\u00ec\nvarious \u00b7 lands<\/span>\n\u5404\u5730)<\/span>\n\nd\u014du<\/span>\n(even<\/span>\n\u90fd)<\/span>\n\nch\u016bxi\u00e0n<\/span>\n(ch\u016b\u00b7xi\u00e0n\n{have put out} \u00b7 {appearings of}<\/span>\n\u51fa\u73b0\n\u51fa\u73fe<\/span>)<\/span>\n\np\u00f2<\/span>\n(breaking<\/span>\n\u7834)<\/span>\n\nj\u00ecl\u00f9<\/span>\n(records<\/span>\n\u8bb0\/\u7eaa\u5f55\n\u8a18\/\u7d00\u9304<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nde<\/span>\n(\u2019<\/span>\n\u7684)<\/span>\n\ng\u0101ow\u0113n<\/span>\n(g\u0101o\u00b7w\u0113n\nhigh \u00b7 {(incidents of) being warm \u2192<\/span> [temperatures]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u9ad8\u6e29\n\u9ad8\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span><\/strong>.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

English:<\/p>\n

\nRising global temperatures have led many to fear that mankind will ruin the earth.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Mandarin:<\/p>\n

\n\n\ud83d\udcd6<\/span> \ud83d\udcc4<\/span> \ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n\nZ\u00e0i<\/span>\n(in<\/span>\n\u5728)<\/span>\n\nsh\u00ecji\u00e8<\/span>\n(sh\u00ec\u00b7ji\u00e8\n{generation \u2192 [world]} \u00b7 extent \u2192<\/span> [world]<\/span>\n\u4e16\u754c)<\/span>\n\ng\u00e8d\u00ec<\/span>\n(g\u00e8\u00b7d\u00ec\nvarious \u00b7 lands<\/span>\n\u5404\u5730)<\/span>\n\nf\u0101sh\u0113ng<\/span>\n(f\u0101\u00b7sh\u0113ng\n{issuing forth} \u00b7 {coming to life} \u2192<\/span> [happening]<\/span>\n\u53d1\u751f\n\u767c\u751f<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nde<\/span>\n(\u2019s<\/span>\n\u7684)<\/span>\n\ng\u0101ow\u0113n<\/span>\n(g\u0101o\u00b7w\u0113n\nhigh \u00b7 {(incidents of) being warm \u2192<\/span> [temperatures]}<\/span><\/span>\n\u9ad8\u6e29\n\u9ad8\u6eab<\/span>)<\/span><\/strong>\n\nr\u00e0ng<\/span>\n({have made}<\/span>\n\u8ba9\n\u8b93<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nh\u011bn<\/span>\n(very<\/span>\n\u5f88)<\/span>\n\ndu\u014d<\/span>\n(many<\/span>\n\u591a)<\/span>\n\nr\u00e9n<\/span>\n(people<\/span>\n\u4eba)<\/span>\n\ng\u01cend\u00e0o<\/span>\n(g\u01cen\u00b7d\u00e0o\nfeel \u00b7 {arriving at}<\/span>\n\u611f\u5230)<\/span>\n\nh\u00e0ip\u00e0<\/span>\n(h\u00e0i\u00b7p\u00e0\nfeeling \u00b7 fearing \u2192<\/span> [fearing]<\/span>\n\u5bb3\u6015)<\/span>,\n\nd\u0101nx\u012bn<\/span>\n(d\u0101n\u00b7x\u012bn\n{carry on shoulder poles \u2192 [take on (heavy)]} \u00b7 hearts \u2192<\/span> [worry]<\/span>\n\u62c5\/\u803d\u5fc3\n\u64d4\/\u803d\u5fc3<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nd\u00ecqi\u00fa<\/span>\n(d\u00ec\u00b7qi\u00fa\nearth \u00b7 globe<\/span>\n\u5730\u7403)<\/span>\n\nhu\u00ec<\/span>\n(will<\/span>\n\u4f1a\n\u6703<\/span>)<\/span>\n\ny\u012bnc\u01d0<\/span>\n(y\u012bn\u00b7c\u01d0\n{because of} \u00b7 this<\/span>\n\u56e0\u6b64)<\/span>\n\nb\u00e8i<\/span>\n([passive signifier<\/i>] \u2192<\/span> [by]<\/span>\n\u88ab)<\/span>\n\nr\u00e9nl\u00e8i<\/span>\n(r\u00e9n\u00b7l\u00e8i\nman\u00b7kind<\/span>\n\u4eba\u7c7b\n\u4eba\u985e<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nhu\u01d0mi\u00e8<\/span>\n(hu\u01d0\u00b7mi\u00e8\n{be destroyed} \u00b7 {be extinguished}<\/span>\n\u6bc1\u706d\n\u6bc0\u6ec5<\/span>)<\/span>.\n\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[Notes: Tap\/click on a expression to reveal its \u201cflashcard\u201d; tap\/click on a \u201cflashcard\u201d or its expression to hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d. \ud83d\udcd6 \ud83d\udcc4 \ud83d\udcd8 icons mean \ud83d\udcd6 Reveal All, \ud83d\udcc4 Reveal Advanced, and \ud83d\udcd8 Reveal None re all the \u201cflashcards\u201d in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.] Currently, many around […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[73,90,156,310,31,119,47,78,63,136,30],"class_list":["post-2409","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-current-events","tag-abbreviations","tag-abc-chinese-english-dictionary","tag-climate-change","tag-environment","tag-john-defrancis","tag-jw-org","tag-morphemes","tag-pinyin-plus","tag-stative-verbs","tag-usage-examples","tag-victor-h-mair"],"yoast_head":"\ng\u0101ow\u0113n - Mandarin Expression of the Week<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2022\/08\/01\/gaowen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"g\u0101ow\u0113n - Mandarin Expression of the Week\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[Notes: Tap\/click on a expression to reveal its \u201cflashcard\u201d; tap\/click on a \u201cflashcard\u201d or its expression to hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d. \ud83d\udcd6 \ud83d\udcc4 \ud83d\udcd8 icons mean \ud83d\udcd6 Reveal All, \ud83d\udcc4 Reveal Advanced, and \ud83d\udcd8 Reveal None re all the \u201cflashcards\u201d in the heading, paragraph, etc. that they are placed at the beginning of.] Currently, many around […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2022\/08\/01\/gaowen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mandarin Expression of the Week\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-08-01T14:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-09-22T05:28:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"tiandi\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@TiandiLinksNews\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@TiandiLinksNews\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"tiandi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/troubadourworks.com\\\/tiandi\\\/meotw\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/01\\\/gaowen\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/troubadourworks.com\\\/tiandi\\\/meotw\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/01\\\/gaowen\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"tiandi\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/troubadourworks.com\\\/tiandi\\\/meotw\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/86583c7b099e090dfeb296aa818abb57\"},\"headline\":\"g\u0101ow\u0113n\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-08-01T14:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-09-22T05:28:54+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/troubadourworks.com\\\/tiandi\\\/meotw\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/01\\\/gaowen\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":813,\"commentCount\":1,\"keywords\":[\"Abbreviations\",\"ABC Chinese-English Dictionary\",\"Climate Change\",\"Environment\",\"John DeFrancis\",\"jw.org\",\"Morphemes\",\"P\u012bny\u012bn Plus\",\"Stative Verbs\",\"Usage Examples\",\"Victor H. 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