{"id":2019,"date":"2022-03-14T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-14T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/?p=2019"},"modified":"2024-03-10T15:53:25","modified_gmt":"2024-03-10T22:53:25","slug":"nanmin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2022\/03\/14\/nanmin\/","title":{"rendered":"n\u00e0nm\u00edn"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\n\t\t\tn\u00e0nm\u00edn<\/span>\n(n\u00e0n\u00b7m\u00edn\ncalamity; disaster; adversity; distress \u00b7 {person of a certain occupation} \u2192<\/span> [refugee]<\/span>\n\u96be\u6c11\n\u96e3\u6c11<\/span>)<\/span>\n\n \u2190 Tap\/click to show\/hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n\n

On February 24, 2022, Russia sent significant military forces into Ukraine, resulting in the largest scale open warfare in Europe since World War II. Knowing certain Mandarin expressions will help us in the Mandarin field as we hear about and talk about Ukraine in the time ahead.<\/p>\n

As of this writing, the article \u201cRefugee Crisis\u200b\u2014Millions Flee Ukraine<\/a>\u201d is being featured on jw.org<\/a>. In the Mandarin version<\/a> of that article, the English word \u201crefugee\u201d is translated as \u201cn\u00e0nm\u00edn<\/i><\/span>\n(n\u00e0n\u00b7m\u00edn\ncalamity; disaster; adversity; distress \u00b7 {person of a certain occupation} \u2192<\/span> [refugee]<\/span>\n\u96be\u6c11\n\u96e3\u6c11<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, this week\u2019s MEotW.<\/p>\n

While it may seem odd to say in the P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> Plus information that a refugee has an \u201coccupation\u201d, note that an occupation<\/a> can be defined, not just as a job or profession, but also as \u201cany activity that occupies a person\u2019s attention\u201d. Unfortunately, being a refugee certainly \u201coccupies a person\u2019s attention\u201d.<\/p>\n

(By the way, in the Mandarin version of the above-mentioned article, \u201crefugee crisis\u201d is translated as \u201cn\u00e0nm\u00edn<\/i><\/span>\n(n\u00e0n\u00b7m\u00edn\ncalamity \u00b7 {persons of a certain occupation} \u2192<\/span> [refugees]<\/span>\n\u96be\u6c11\n\u96e3\u6c11<\/span>)<\/span>\n\nch\u00e1o<\/i><\/span>\n(tide \u2192<\/span> [(social) upsurge]<\/span>\n\u6f6e)<\/span>\u201d. \u201cCh\u00e1o<\/i><\/span>\n(tide [\u2192 [(social) upsurge; current; trend]]<\/span>\n\u6f6e)<\/span>\u201d literally means \u201ctide\u201d, which is an easily understood metaphor, similar to how in English we may speak of a \u201cwave\u201d of refugees.)<\/p>\n

A Shifty Character<\/h4>\n

One may notice that the first Chinese character used to write \u201cn\u00e0nm\u00edn<\/i><\/span>\n(n\u00e0n\u00b7m\u00edn\ncalamity; disaster; adversity; distress \u00b7 {person of a certain occupation} \u2192<\/span> [refugee]<\/span>\n\u96be\u6c11\n\u96e3\u6c11<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, \u201c\u96be\/\u96e3\u201d, is also the Chinese character used to write \u201cn\u00e1n<\/i><\/span>\n({[is] difficult}; {[is] hard} | difficultly | {make difficult\/difficulties}<\/span>\n\u96be\n\u96e3<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, a common word that basically means \u201cdifficult\u201d. One then can hardly fail to notice that whereas with \u201cn\u00e0nm\u00edn<\/i><\/span>\n(n\u00e0n\u00b7m\u00edn\ncalamity; disaster; adversity; distress \u00b7 {person of a certain occupation} \u2192<\/span> [refugee]<\/span>\n\u96be\u6c11\n\u96e3\u6c11<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, \u201c\u96be\/\u96e3\u201d is pronounced with a fourth tone, with \u201cn\u00e1n<\/i><\/span>\n({[is] difficult}; {[is] hard} | difficultly | {make difficult\/difficulties}<\/span>\n\u96be\n\u96e3<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d it is pronounced with a second<\/em> tone. But, aren\u2019t characters supposed to be the grand clarifiers of meaning in a Mandarin language awash in homophones (words that sound the same, but that have different meanings)?<\/p>\n

Yes, it has become customary to rely (too much) on characters that are seen<\/em> to disambiguate or clarify pronunciations that are heard<\/em>, but the truth is that characters themselves can also be ambiguous on their own, since, as our example above shows, characters can have multiple pronunciations and meanings.<\/p>\n

What is the real<\/em> ultimate clarifier of meaning in Mandarin, even when it has been allowed to develop as many homophones as it has? The ultimate clarifier is context<\/em>, not characters<\/strong>! For example, when we see that \u201c\u96be\/\u96e3\u201d is followed by \u201c\u6c11\u201d, that context<\/em> tells us that here, \u201c\u96be\/\u96e3\u201d is pronounced as \u201cn\u00e0n<\/i>\u201d, with its associated meaning, not as \u201cn\u00e1n<\/i>\u201d, with its different associated meaning. On its own, without context, the character \u201c\u96be\/\u96e3\u201d is ambiguous.<\/p>\n

For more information on why it\u2019s problematic to rely on characters to disambiguate homophones in Mandarin, see the subheading \u201cBut There Are So Many Words That Sound the Same!\u201d<\/strong><\/a> in the article \u201cP\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> Was Plan A<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cContext is God\u201d<\/h4>\n

Regarding context, the MEotW post<\/a> on \u201cy\u01d4j\u00ecng<\/i><\/span>\n(y\u01d4\u00b7j\u00ecng\nlanguage \u00b7 {(set of) boundaries \u2192 [(bounded) place; area] \u2192 [condition; situation; circumstances]} \u2192<\/span> [context]<\/span>\n\u8bed\u5883\n\u8a9e\u5883<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d had this to say:<\/p>\n

\n

Context and Mandarin Writing Systems<\/h4>\n

Research into the importance of context turned up a couple of interesting sayings from the business world:<\/p>\n

\nContent is king.
\n\u2014Bill Gates<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nContent is king, but context is God.
\n\u2014Gary Vaynerchuk<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Mandarin field language-learners may hear the assertion from Chinese culture traditionalists that it is necessary to use Chinese characters to clarify the ambiguity that results from Mandarin having so many homophones, words that sound the same but that have different meanings. The insinuation, or even the outright accusation, is that the upstart P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> system is thus unusable as a writing system for Mandarin, that the Chinese characters writing system is still the rightful king. Besides, there is so much existing content written in Chinese characters, and content is king!<\/p>\n

However, a little consideration of the y\u01d4j\u00ecng<\/i><\/span>\n(y\u01d4\u00b7j\u00ecng\nlanguage \u00b7 {(set of) boundaries \u2192 [(bounded) place] \u2192 [situation]} \u2192<\/span> [context]<\/span>\n\u8bed\u5883\n\u8a9e\u5883<\/span>)<\/span>, the language situation or context, shows up the fallacy of this assertion. The Chinese characters writing system exists along with Mandarin speech, and if Chinese characters are truly required to clearly communicate meaning in Mandarin, then that would mean that Mandarin speech on its own, without the help of visible characters, is unusable as a means of communication. That, however, is obviously not true\u2014people who are proficient in spoken Mandarin communicate clearly with each other all the time, undoubtedly pretty much as clearly as proficient English speakers communicate with each other.<\/p>\n

The key reason why proficient Mandarin speakers can communicate clearly with each other despite all of the homophones in Mandarin is not that they are constantly referring to Chinese characters, although people do occasionally do that in the current characters-saturated cultural climate. No, the key<\/em> reason why Mandarin-speakers routinely communicate clearly with each other is because they use sufficient context<\/em> to clarify any potentially ambiguous homophones. And, since P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> is a simple and direct representation of Mandarin speech, anything that is understandable when spoken in Mandarin is understandable when written in P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span><\/strong>.\u20141 Corinthians 14:8\u201311<\/a>.<\/p>\n

So, while Chinese characters-based content may be so predominant in the Chinese world that it\u2019s king there, context is God<\/em>, relatively and metaphorically speaking, and Mandarin speech and P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> rightly rely on context, not on Chinese characters, just like we rightly rely on God, not on merely human kings.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On February 24, 2022, Russia sent significant military forces into Ukraine, resulting in the largest scale open warfare in Europe since World War II. Knowing certain Mandarin expressions will help us in the Mandarin field as we hear about and talk about Ukraine in the time ahead. As of this writing, the article \u201cRefugee Crisis\u200b\u2014Millions […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,61,19],"tags":[25,37,58,103,119,97,29,199,135,24,46,134,404],"class_list":["post-2019","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-current-events","category-language-learning","tag-chinese-characters","tag-chinese-culture","tag-context","tag-homophones","tag-jw-org","tag-linguistics","tag-pinyin","tag-pinyin-was-plan-a","tag-refugee-crisis","tag-speech","tag-translation","tag-ukraine-war","tag-war"],"yoast_head":"\nn\u00e0nm\u00edn - Mandarin Expression of the Week<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2022\/03\/14\/nanmin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"n\u00e0nm\u00edn - Mandarin Expression of the Week\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On February 24, 2022, Russia sent significant military forces into Ukraine, resulting in the largest scale open warfare in Europe since World War II. 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