{"id":1956,"date":"2022-02-07T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-07T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/?p=1956"},"modified":"2023-07-05T00:13:05","modified_gmt":"2023-07-05T07:13:05","slug":"kouzhao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2022\/02\/07\/kouzhao\/","title":{"rendered":"k\u01d2uzh\u00e0o"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\n\t\t\tk\u01d2uzh\u00e0o<\/span>\n(k\u01d2u\u00b7zh\u00e0o\nmouth \u00b7 cover \u2192<\/span> [antiseptic\/surgical\/breathing\/etc. mask (worn over nose and mouth)]<\/span>\n\u53e3\u7f69)<\/span>\n\n \u2190 Tap\/click to show\/hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n\n

[Note:<\/strong> Tap\/click on a P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> expression to reveal its <\/span>\u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span>, tap\/click on a <\/span>\u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span> or its P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> expression to hide the<\/span> \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span>.]<\/p>\n

As of this writing, early in the year 2022, the subject of the COVID-19 pandemic has been, to say the least, on people\u2019s minds now for a while. So, it would be good to be able to refer to things related to it in Mandarin when speaking to people in the Mandarin field, or when speaking to our brothers and sisters in the truth.<\/p>\n

\"electron<\/p>\n

An electron microscope image of SARS-CoV-2\u2014also known as 2019-nCoV, the virus that causes COVID-19<\/i>
\n\"Creative<\/a> NIAID<\/a>
\n<\/p>\n

This week\u2019s MEotW, \u201ck\u01d2uzh\u00e0o<\/i><\/span>\n(k\u01d2u\u00b7zh\u00e0o\nmouth \u00b7 cover \u2192<\/span> [antiseptic\/surgical\/breathing\/etc. mask (worn over nose and mouth)]<\/span>\n\u53e3\u7f69)<\/span>\u201d, refers specifically to the kind of mask one puts on to cover one\u2019s nose and mouth, as opposed to other kinds of masks. It pretty much has to refer specifically to this kind of mask, since, as its P\u012bny\u012bn<\/i><\/span>\n(P\u012bn\u00b7y\u012bn\n{Piecing Together} \u00b7 Sounds \u2192<\/span> [Pinyin]<\/span>\n\u62fc\u97f3)<\/span> Plus \u201cflashcard\u201d<\/span> information shows us, \u201ck\u01d2uzh\u00e0o<\/i><\/span>\n(k\u01d2u\u00b7zh\u00e0o\nmouth \u00b7 cover \u2192<\/span> [antiseptic\/surgical\/breathing\/etc. mask (worn over nose and mouth)]<\/span>\n\u53e3\u7f69)<\/span>\u201d literally means \u201cmouth cover\u201d.<\/p>\n

To say \u201cwear\/put on\u201d a \u201ck\u01d2uzh\u00e0o<\/i><\/span>\n(k\u01d2u\u00b7zh\u00e0o\nmouth \u00b7 cover \u2192<\/span> [antiseptic\/surgical\/breathing\/etc. mask (worn over nose and mouth)]<\/span>\n\u53e3\u7f69)<\/span>\u201d in Mandarin, one would say \u201cd\u00e0i<\/i><\/span>\n(wear; {put on}<\/span>\n\u6234)<\/span>\n\nk\u01d2uzh\u00e0o<\/i><\/span>\n(k\u01d2u\u00b7zh\u00e0o\nmouth \u00b7 cover \u2192<\/span> [antiseptic\/surgical\/breathing\/etc. mask (worn over nose and mouth)]<\/span>\n\u53e3\u7f69)<\/span>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Rhotic (R-Like) Coda<\/h4>\n

A variant form of \u201ck\u01d2uzh\u00e0o<\/i><\/span>\n(k\u01d2u\u00b7zh\u00e0o\nmouth \u00b7 cover \u2192<\/span> [antiseptic\/surgical\/breathing\/etc. mask (worn over nose and mouth)]<\/span>\n\u53e3\u7f69)<\/span>\u201d is \u201ck\u01d2uzh\u00e0or<\/i><\/span>\n(k\u01d2u\u00b7zh\u00e0o\u00b7r\nmouth \u00b7 cover \u00b7 {child | youth | son \u2192 [(diminutive) non-syllabic retroflex suffix; pronunciation feature in Beijing dialect<\/i>]} \u2192<\/span> [antiseptic\/surgical\/breathing\/etc. mask (worn over nose and mouth)]<\/span>\n\u53e3\u7f69\u513f\n\u53e3\u7f69\u5152<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, with an \u201cr<\/i><\/span>\n({child | youth | son} \u2192<\/span> [(diminutive) non-syllabic retroflex suffix; pronunciation feature in Beijing dialect<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u513f\n\u5152<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d at the end. This is an example of what in Mandarin is called \u201c\u00e9rhu\u00e0<\/i><\/span>\n(\u00e9r\u00b7hu\u00e0\n{(to have) \u00e9r<\/i>} \u00b7 transforming \u2192<\/span> [adding of \u201cr<\/i>\u201d as a suffix (pronunciation feature in Beijing dialect); erization]<\/span>\n\u513f\u5316\n\u5152\u5316<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d. Wikipedia<\/a> summarizes this thusly:<\/p>\n

\nErhua<\/strong> (simplified Chinese: \u513f\u5316; traditional Chinese: \u5152\u5316; pinyin: \u00e9rhu\u00e0<\/i> [\u025a\u02e7\u02e5xw\u00e4\u02e5\u02e9]); also called erization<\/strong> or rhotacization of syllable finals<\/strong>[source]<\/a><\/sup>) refers to a phonological process that adds r-coloring or the “er” (\u6ce8\u97f3\uff1a\u3126, common words: \u8033\u3001\u5c14\u3001\u513f[source]<\/a><\/sup>) sound (transcribed in IPA as [\u025a]) to syllables in spoken Mandarin Chinese. Erhuayin<\/strong> (simplified Chinese: \u513f\u5316\u97f3; traditional Chinese: \u5152\u5316\u97f3; pinyin: \u00e9rhu\u00e0y\u012bn<\/i>) is the pronunciation of “er” after rhotacization of syllable finals.<\/p>\n

It is most common in the speech varieties of North China, especially in the Beijing dialect, as a diminutive suffix for nouns, though some dialects also use it for other grammatical purposes. The Standard Chinese spoken in government-produced educational and examination recordings features erhua to some extent, as in \u54ea\u513f n\u01cer<\/i> (“where”), \u4e00\u70b9\u513f y\u00ecdi\u01cenr<\/i> (“a little”), and \u597d\u73a9\u513f h\u01ceow\u00e1nr<\/i> (“fun”). Colloquial speech in many northern dialects has more extensive erhua than the standardized language. Southwestern Mandarin dialects such as those of Chongqing and Chengdu also have erhua. By contrast, many Southern Chinese who speak non-Mandarin dialects may have difficulty pronouncing the sound or may simply prefer not to pronounce it, and usually avoid words with erhua when speaking Standard Chinese; for example, the three examples listed above may be replaced with the synonyms \u54ea\u91cc n\u01cel\u01d0<\/i>, \u4e00\u70b9 y\u00ecdi\u01cen<\/i>, \u597d\u73a9 h\u01ceow\u00e1n<\/i>. Furthermore, Erhua’s presence in Guoyu (\u570b\u8a9e) in Taiwan is diminishing and it is often not used at all.[source]<\/a><\/sup>[source]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Also, the excellent Chinese Pronunciation Wiki<\/a> has a page<\/a> on \u201cr<\/i><\/span>\n({child | youth | son} \u2192<\/span> [(diminutive) non-syllabic retroflex suffix; pronunciation feature in Beijing dialect<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u513f\n\u5152<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d, which points out that the Mandarin \u201cr<\/i><\/span>\n({child | youth | son} \u2192<\/span> [(diminutive) non-syllabic retroflex suffix; pronunciation feature in Beijing dialect<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u513f\n\u5152<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d is different from the \u201cr\u201d in English. It additionally goes into technical detail about how to use your mouth and tongue to correctly make the Mandarin \u201cr<\/i><\/span>\n({child | youth | son} \u2192<\/span> [(diminutive) non-syllabic retroflex suffix; pronunciation feature in Beijing dialect<\/i>]<\/span>\n\u513f\n\u5152<\/span>)<\/span>\u201d sound.<\/p>\n

Western Worldy Politicization<\/h4>\n

It\u2019s interesting to note how differently many people with an Eastern cultural background view the wearing of masks to help reduce the risk of catching or spreading COVID-19, compared to how some with a Western cultural background view it. One article that I found while researching this post, \u201cWhy East Asians Were Wearing Masks Long Before COVID-19\u201d<\/a>, summarized the situation this way:<\/p>\n

\nMasking up is second nature to East Asian immigrants like Cho. But others haven\u2019t taken so easily to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s recommendation to wear a facial covering. The guidelines have incited a nationwide feud about public health and civil liberties. Some Americans refuse to wear masks, claiming its contrary to their personal freedom. The most strident in the anti-mask movement have called them \u201cunconstitutional,\u201d \u201cautocratic\u201d and \u201cmuzzles.\u201d<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, in East Asian countries, the majority of the public adapted quickly to mask-wearing (or were already wearing them to begin with) \u2015 something experts believe has contributed to lower COVID-19 death rates.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The article also goes into the long history in Asia of using masks to combat the spread of disease, a history that stretches back past the 2002\u20132004 SARS<\/a> outbreak to at least the Great Manchurian Plague<\/a> of 1910\u20131911.<\/p>\n

Interestingly, the article points out who is considered to be the inventor of the anti-epidemic mask:<\/p>\n

\nThe invention of the anti-epidemic mask was attributed to Dr. Wu Lien-teh, a Cambridge-educated Chinese physician who led anti-plague operations on behalf of China in the region [during the Great Manchurian Plague of 1910\u20131911].<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Balance and Subjection to the Superior Authorities<\/h4>\n

Eastern culture can sometimes go too far in prioritizing the collective at the expense of the individual, and Western culture can sometimes go too far in prioritizing the individual at the expense of everyone else, such that in such cases Eastern and Western cultures end up just being different ways for humans to get things wrong. In contrast, as Jehovah God tells us in the Bible:<\/p>\n

\n\u201cFor as the heavens are higher than the earth,
\nSo my ways are higher than your ways
\nAnd my thoughts than your thoughts.
\n\u2014Isaiah 55:9<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Thankfully, as Jehovah\u2019s people, we have balanced and wise direction from his Word and his organization that help us to rise above the ways and thoughts of imperfect humans living in Satan\u2019s world. For example:<\/p>\n

\nJehovah\u2019s Witnesses cooperate with public health officials. For example, since the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses have continued to publish reminders in hundreds of languages on this website, encouraging adherence to local safety guidelines. These include the importance of physical distancing and of following regulations on public gatherings, quarantining, hand washing, and the wearing of face coverings as well as other practical measures required or recommended by the authorities.\u2014Romans 13:1, 2<\/a>.
\n\u2014\u201cAre Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Opposed to Vaccination?\u201d<\/a> (article on jw.org<\/a>)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[Note: Tap\/click on a expression to reveal its \u201cflashcard\u201d, tap\/click on a \u201cflashcard\u201d or its expression to hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d.] As of this writing, early in the year 2022, the subject of the COVID-19 pandemic has been, to say the least, on people\u2019s minds now for a while. So, it would be good to be […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,61,98],"tags":[22,115,62,169,113,114,97,277,39],"class_list":["post-1956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-current-events","category-history","tag-china","tag-chinese-pronunciation-wiki","tag-covid-19","tag-dialects","tag-eastern-culture","tag-erhua","tag-linguistics","tag-taiwan","tag-western-culture"],"yoast_head":"\nk\u01d2uzh\u00e0o - Mandarin Expression of the Week<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/troubadourworks.com\/tiandi\/meotw\/2022\/02\/07\/kouzhao\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"k\u01d2uzh\u00e0o - Mandarin Expression of the Week\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[Note: Tap\/click on a expression to reveal its \u201cflashcard\u201d, tap\/click on a \u201cflashcard\u201d or its expression to hide the \u201cflashcard\u201d.] As of this writing, early in the year 2022, the subject of the COVID-19 pandemic has been, to say the least, on people\u2019s minds now for a while. 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