📖 📄 📘 [túpiàn (tú·piàn picture · {slice → [mw]} 图片 圖片) (jw.org)]

## 📖 📄 📘 Jìnhuà‐Lùn ((Jìn·huà {to Advance} · Transforming → [Evolution] 进化 進化)‐(Lùn Discussing → [Theory] 论 論) → [Evolution])—Jiǎshè (Jiǎ·shè Artificial · {Settings Up} → [Hypotheses] 假设 假設) yǔ (and 与 與/与) Shìshí (Shì·shí Matters · {Being Solid} → [Facts] 事实 事實) 🔼
[🔊 (WOL > )]

#### 📖 📄 📘 Jìnhuà‐Lùn ((Jìn·huà {to Advance} · Transforming → [Evolution] 进化 進化)‐(Lùn Discussing → [Theory] 论 論) → [Evolution])—Yì (One 一) Zhǒng ({Type of} 种 種/种) Xìnyǎng (Xìn·yǎng Believing · {Looking Up to} → [“Faith”] 信仰) 🔽

📖 📄 📘 “Jìnhuà (Jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化) shì (is 是) shìshí (shì·shí matter · {being solid} → [fact] 事实 事實), jiù (exactly 就) xiàng (as 像/象) tàiyáng (tài·yáng highest · {positive/active/male principle in nature (Chinese philosophy)} → [sun] 太阳 太陽) fārè (fā·rè emits · heat 发热 發熱) nàyàng (nà·yàng that · {pattern → [way]} 那样 那樣) shì (is 是) tiě (iron 铁 鐵) yìbān (yì·bān {(as) one} · kind → [-like] 一般) de (’s 的) shìshí (shì·shí matter · {being solid} → [fact] 事实 事實).” Zhīchí (Zhī·chí supports · {holds → [supports]} 支持) jìnhuà‐lùn ((jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化)‐(lùn discussing → [theory] 论 論) → [evolution]) de (’s 的) zhùmíng (zhù·míng (has) {shown → [outstanding]} · name → [well-known] 著名) kēxué‐jiā ((kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ist 家) → [scientist]) Lǐchádé (Richard 理查德) Dàojīnsī (Dawkins 道金斯) Jiàoshòu (Jiào·shòu Teaching · {Conferring → [Instructing]} (Person) → [Professor] 教授) duànyán (duàn·yán {breaking off → [absolutely]} · says → [asserts] 断言 斷言). Kēxué‐jiā néng cóng shíyàn (shí·yàn {solidly → [truly]} · testing (attempts) → [experiments] 实验 實驗) hé ({(together) with} → [and] 和 和/龢) zhíjiē (zhí·jiē {being straight} · connecting → [directly] 直接) guānchá (guān·chá observing · examining → [observing] 观察 觀察) kànchū (kàn·chū see · out 看出) tàiyáng shì chìrè de, dàn kēxué‐jiā yě néng cóng shíyàn hé zhíjiē guānchá dédào zhēnpíng‐shíjù, zhèngmíng jìnhuà lùn quèzáo (què·záo firmly · {is chiselled} → [is irrefutable] 确凿 確鑿)‐bùyí (bù·yí not · {is being removed} → [is steadfast] 不移), wú‐xiè‐kě‐jī ma ([? ptcl for “yes/no” questions] 吗 嗎)?

📖 📄 📘 Jiědá (Jiě·dá {untying → [solving]} · answering 解答) zhè (this 这 這) wèntí (wèn·tí asking · subject → [question] 问题 問題) zhīqián (zhī·qián ’s · {before (that)} 之前), wǒmen (wǒ·men we · [pl] 我们 我們) xiān (first 先) yào (need 要) nòng ({to play with} → [to make] 弄) qīngchu ({to be clear} 清楚) yìxiē (yì·xiē one · {indefinite number of} → [some] 一些) shìqing (shì·qing things · situations 事情). Xǔduō (Xǔ·duō numbers · many 许多 許多) kēxué‐jiā ((kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ists 家) → [scientists]) zhùyì (zhù·yì {have poured (into a container) → [have concentrated]} · {thoughts → [attention]} (on) → [have taken note of] 注意) dào ({arriving at} 到), suízhe shíjiān de (’s 的) tuīyí, shēngwù de hòudài kěnéng chūxiàn qīngwēi (qīng·wēi light · slight 轻微 輕微) de (’s 的) biànhuà, gēn zǔxiān yǒudiǎnr (yǒu·diǎnr have · {spot of → [a bit of]} 有点 有點) bùtóng (bù·tóng not · {being the same} → [being different] 不同). Lìrú, rén néng wèi gǒu yùzhǒng (yù·zhǒng {give birth to} · breeds → [breed] 育种 育種), lìng shēng xialai de gǒu gēn shàng yídài bǐ qilai sìzhī jiào duǎn, huò tǐmáo jiào cháng.* Yǒuxiē kēxué‐jiā yǐ “wēi (tiny → [micro] 微)‐jìnhuà (jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化)” qù ({to go} 去) chēnghu (chēng·hu {to name} · {to call} 称呼 稱呼) zhèi (this 这 這) lèi qīngwēi de gǎibiàn.

📖 📄 📘 Kěshì (Kě·shì however · {(it) is (the case)} 可是), zhīchí (zhī·chí support · {hold → [support]} 支持) jìnhuà‐lùn ((jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化)‐(lùn discussing → [theory] 论 論) → [evolution]) de (’s 的) rén (persons 人) shuō (say 说 說/説), zhèixiē (zhèi·xiē this · {indefinite number of} → [these] 这些 這些) qīngwēi (qīng·wēi light · slight 轻微 輕微) de (’s 的) biànhuà (biàn·huà changings · transformings 变化 變化) rì (suns → [daily] 日)‐jī (accumulate 积 積)‐yuè (moons → [monthly] 月)‐lěi ({pile up} 累月), jīngguò shù shí yì nián hòu, jiù xíngchéng jùdà de biànhuà, zúyǐ (zú·yǐ sufficient · {in order to} 足以) lìng yú yǎnbiàn chéng liǎngqī dòngwù ((liǎng·qī two · {perchings → [dwellings]} → [amphibious] 两栖 兩棲) (dòng·wù moving · things → [animals] 动物 動物) → [amphibians]), lìng lèi yuán shēngwù yǎnbiàn chéng rén. Zhèi zhǒng jiǎshè chēngwéi “dà (big → [macro] 大)‐jìnhuà (jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化)”.

📖 📄 📘 [túpiàn (tú·piàn picture · {slice → [mw]} 图片 圖片) (jw.org)]

📖 📄 📘 Dáʼěrwén (Darwin 达尔文 達爾文) jí (and 及) tā de ((tā him 他) (de ’s 的) → [his]) zhùzuò (zhù·zuò {shown → [written] (thing) → [book]} · {made (thing) → [written/composed (thing)] → [literary work]} → [book] 著作) Wùzhǒng Qǐyuán ((Wù·zhǒng {Thing → [Creature]} · Species’ → [Species’] 物种 物種) (Qǐ·yuán {Rising → [Starting]} · Source → [Origin] 起源/原) → [Origin of Species])

📖 📄 📘 Jǔlì (Jǔ·lì {to raise} · example 举例 舉例) shuō ({to speak of} 说 說/説), Dáʼěrwén (Darwin 达尔文 達爾文) rènwéi (rèn·wéi identified · {(it) to be} 认为 認為), shēngwù (shēng·wù living · things 生物) chūxiàn (chū·xiàn {putting out} · {appearings of} 出现 出現) kějiàn (kě·jiàn can · {be seen} 可见 可見) de (’s 的) wēixiǎo (wēi·xiǎo slight · small 微小) biànhuà (biàn·huà changings · transformings 变化 變化), ànshì (àn·shì {being dim → [dimly]} · indicated → [implied] 暗示) shēngwù (shēng·wù living · things 生物) yě (also 也) yǒu (have 有) kěnéng (kě·néng maybe · {being able} (of) → [possibility of] 可能) chūxiàn (chū·xiàn {putting out} · {appearings of} 出现 出現) dàde duō de biànhuà, suīrán zhèi zhǒng xiànxiàng cóng méiyǒu rén jiànguo. Dá’ěrwén yě rènwéi, yìxiē yuányǒu (yuán·yǒu originally · {having → [were]} → [original] 原有) de (’s 的) shēngwù (shēng·wù living · things 生物), jí suǒwèi de jiǎndān yuánshǐ shēngwù fāshēng “jí xìwēi de biànyì”, zhújiàn yǎnbiàn, fāzhǎn, jīngguò yōucháng de shíjiān hòu, jiù biànchéng shìshang qiānqiān‐wànwàn zhǒng ({varieties of} 种 種/种) shēngwù (shēng·wù living · things 生物).

📖 📄 📘 Zài (in 在) xǔduō (xǔ·duō numbers · many 许多 許多) rén (people’s 人) kànlai (kàn·lai {lookings at} · {coming to be} → [considerings] 看来 看來), Dáʼěrwén (Darwin’s 达尔文 達爾文) zhèige (zhèi·ge this · [mw] 这个 這個) shēngchēng (shēng·chēng sounding · stating → [assertion] 声称 聲稱) héqíng‐hélǐ ((hé·qíng {is closing with → [is fitting]} · {sensibility → [situation]} → [is fitting the situation] 合情)‐(hé·lǐ {is closing with → [is fitting]} · reason → [is reasonable] 合理) → [is fair and reasonable (possibly derived from hé qínglǐ)]). Tāmen shì zhèyàng xiǎng de: “Jìrán tóngyí (tóng·yí same · one 同一) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) kěyǐ chūxiàn wēixiǎo de biànhuà, nàme jīngnián (jīng·nián {passing through} · years → [year after year] 经年 經年/秊)‐lěiyuè (lěi·yuè {piling up} · {moons → [months]} → [month after month] 累月) chǎnshēng jùdà de biànhuà bù yě shì kěnéng de ma?”* Dàn shìshí shang, jìnhuà‐lùn ((jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化)‐(lùn discussing → [theory] 论 論) → [the theory of evolution]) què (indeed 却 卻) shì (is 是) jiànjī (jiàn·jī {has built} · foundation 建基) yú (on 于 於/于) sān (three 三) ge ([mw] 个 個/个) jiǎshè (jiǎ·shè artificial · {settings up} → [hypotheses] 假设 假設) de ({’ (theory)} 的). Yǐxià (Yǐ·xià at · below 以下) huì ({(we) will} 会 會) zhúyī (zhú·yī {one after another} · one → [one by one] 逐一) tántan (tán·tan discuss · discuss (them) 谈谈 談談).

📖 📄 📘 Jiǎshè (Jiǎ·shè Artificial · {Setting Up} → [Hypothesis] 假设 假設) 1. Tūbiàn (Tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) néng (can 能) wèi (for 为 為/爲) xīn (new 新) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) de (’ 的) xíngchéng (xíng·chéng forming · {to come to be} 形成) tígōng (tí·gōng {carry (hanging down from the hand) → [raise]} · provide 提供) jīchǔ (jī·chǔ foundation · base 基础 基礎). Dà‐jìnhuà de shuōfa jiànjī yú yí ge shēngchēng: Dòng-zhíwù de (’s 的) yíchuán (yí·chuán {leaving behind} · {passing on} → [genetic] 遗传 遺傳) mìmǎ (mì·mǎ {dense → [intimate] → [secret]} · {sth. indicating a number} → [code] 密码 密碼) chūxiàn tūbiàn, jí chūxiàn suíjī de biànhuà, búdàn néng dǎozhì xīn wùzhǒng chūxiàn, hái néng dǎozhì wánquán bùtóng (bù·tóng not · {the same} → [different] 不同) kē (families 科) de (’ 的) dòng-zhíwù chūxiàn.

📖 📄 📘 [túpiàn (tú·piàn picture · {slice → [mw]} 图片 圖片) (jw.org)]

📖 📄 📘 Tūbiàn (Tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) néng (can 能) shǐ (cause 使) zhíwù (zhí·wù planted · things → [plants] 植物) fāshēng (fā·shēng {to issue forth} · {to make to come to life} → [to have happen] 发生 發生) biànyì (biàn·yì {being changed} · {to be different} 变异 變異), lìrú (lì·rú example · like → [for example] 例如) shǐ (causing 使) huāduǒ (huā·duǒ flowers · [mw for flowers, clouds, etc.] 花朵) zhǎngde (zhǎng·de {to grow} · {to get} 长得 長得) jiàodà (jiào·dà {being compared → [comparatively]} · {to be large} → [to be larger] 较大 較大), dàn (but 但) biànyì (biàn·yì (the) {being changed} · {to be different} 变异 變異) shì (is 是) yǒu (having 有) júxiàn (limitings → [limits] 局限) de (’ 的)

📖 📄 📘 Shìshí (Shì·shí matters · {being solid} → [facts] 事实 事實). Dòng‐zhíwù ((Dòng moving 动 動)‐(zhí·wù planted · thing 植物) → [plant or animal]) de (’s 的) xǔduō (xǔ·duō numbers · many 许多 許多) yíchuán (yí·chuán {left behind} · {passed on} → [inherited] 遗传 遺傳) xìjié (xì·jié fine · {nodes → [items]} → [details] 细节 細節), dōu (all 都) shì (are 是) yóu (by 由/繇) yíchuán (yí·chuán {leaving behind} · {passing on} → [genetic] 遗传 遺傳) mìmǎ (mì·mǎ {dense → [intimate] → [secret]} · {sth. indicating a number} → [code] 密码 密碼) suǒ ({those which (it)} 所) bāohán (bāo·hán wraps · {keeps in the mouth} → [contains] 包含) de (’ 的) zhǐlìng (zhǐ·lìng {(pointings with) finger → [pointings]} · orderings → [instructions] 指令 juédìng (decided 决定 決定) de (’s 的). Yíchuán mìmǎ cúnzài yú xìbāo (xì·bāo tiny · wombs’ → [cells’] 细胞 細胞) hé ({pits (of fruit)} → [nuclei] 核 核/覈) nèi, hǎoxiàng jiànzhù (constructing → [construction] 建筑 建築) gōngchéng (gōng·chéng work · {procedure → [journey]} → [project] 工程) de (’s 的) lántú (lán·tú blue · diagrams → [blueprints] 蓝图 藍圖).* Yánjiū rényuán fāxiàn, tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) nénggòu lìng dòng‐zhíwù de hòudài chūxiàn biànyì (biàn·yì {being changed} · {to be different} 变异 變異). Kěshì, tūbiàn zhēnde néng chǎnshēng quánxīn (quán·xīn entirely · new 全新) de (’s 的) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) lai ma? Zài yíchuánxué (yí·chuán·xué {{leaving behind} · {passing on} → [genetics]} · studying → [genetic research] 遗传学 遺傳學) fāngmiàn jìn bǎi nián lái de yánjiū xiǎnshì shénme ne?

📖 📄 📘 20 shìjì (shì·jì generation · era → [century] 世纪 世紀) 30 niándài (nián·dài years · {replacing’s → [generation’s] → [period’s]} → [decade’s] 年代) mò (end → [last/final stage] 末), kēxué‐jiā ((kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ists 家) → [scientists]) yǒu (had 有) ge ([mw] 个 個/个) yì‐xiāng‐qíngyuàn ((yì one 一)‐(xiāng side’s 厢 廂)‐(qíng·yuàn sentiments’ · {wanting → [hope]} 情愿 情願) → [one’s own wishful thinking]) de (’s 的) xiǎngfa (xiǎng·fa thinking · way 想法). Tāmen (Tā·men he/she · [pl] → [they] 他们 他們) zǎoyǐ (zǎo·yǐ {early on} · already 早已) rèndìng (rèn·dìng {had recognized} · {to be set} → [had set their minds on (that)] 认定 認定) zìrán (zì·rán naturally · so → [natural] 自然) xuǎnzé (selecting → [selection] 选择 選擇) de (’s 的) shuōfa (shuō·fa speaking · way 说法 說法) shì (was 是) duì (towards → [correct] 对 對) de (’s 的), yě jiùshì shuō, tāmen xiāngxìn zuì néng shìyìng (shì·yìng appropriately · {to respond to} → [to adapt to] 适应 適應) huánjìng (huán·jìng surrounding · {(set of) boundaries → [(bounded) area] → [situation]} → [environment] 环境 環境) de (’s 的) shēngwù (shēng·wù living · thing 生物) zuì yǒu kěnéng jìxù shēngcún hé ({(together) with} → [and] 和 和/龢) fánzhí (fán·zhí {to propagate} · {to breed} 繁殖) xiaqu (xia·qu down · {to go} 下去), yě (also 也) xiāngxìn zìrán xuǎnzé néng tōngguò suíjī (suí·jī {coming along with} · chance → [random] 随机 隨機) tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) chǎnshēng (chǎn·shēng {give birth to → [produce]} · {give birth to → [generate]} → [produce] 产生 產生) xīn (new 新) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種). Tāmen (Tā·men he/she · [pl] → [they] 他们 他們) xiǎng (thought 想), jìrán (jì·rán since · -ly 既然) suíjī (suí·jī {coming along with} · chance → [random] 随机 隨機) tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) néng chǎnshēng xīn wùzhǒng, nàme réngōng (rén·gōng (by) human · work → [artificially] 人工) yòudǎo (yòu·dǎo induced · guided 诱导 誘導) de (’s 的) tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) yīnggāi (should 应该 應該) gèng (more 更)‐shèng ({win victory by} → [be better by] 胜 勝)‐yì (one 一)‐chóu ({chip (in gambling)} 筹 籌). Déguó (Dé·guó German · Nation’s → [Germany’s] 德国 德國) Mǎkèsī (Max 马克斯 馬克斯) Pǔlǎngkè (Planck 普朗克) Zhíwù (Zhí·wù Planted · Things → [Plant] 植物) Péiyù (Péi·yù {Heaping Up Soil → [Cultivating]} · {Giving Birth to → [Rearing]} → [Breeding] 培育) Yánjiū Suǒ ((Yán·jiū {Grinding → [Researching]} · Investigating → [Research] 研究) (suǒ Place → [Institute] 所) → [Research Institute]) de (’s 的) kēxué‐jiā ((kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ist 家) → [scientist]) Wò’ěrfū Āikèhādé Lúnníxī (Lönnig 伦尼希 倫尼希) shuō (said 说 說/説): “Dāngshí, dàduō shù shēngwùxuéjiā, yóuqí (yóu·qí particularly · they 尤其) shì (being 是) yíchuánxuéjiā hé fányǎn (fán·yǎn multiply · {spread out} 繁衍) dòng‐zhíwù de rén, dōu xìng ({(levels of) excitement} 兴 興)‐gāo ({were high} 高)‐cǎi (spirits 采 采/採)‐liè ({were fiery} 烈), xióngxīn wànzhàng.”* Wèishénme (Wèi·shén·me for · what · [suf] → [why] 为什么 為什/甚麼) xìng ({(levels of) excitement} 兴 興)‐gāo ({were high} 高)‐cǎi (spirits 采 采/採)‐liè ({were fiery} 烈) ne ([? ptcl] 呢)? Huāle chà‐bu‐duō 30 nián yánjiū zhíwù tūbiàn yíchuánxué de (’s 的) Lúnníxī (Lönnig 伦尼希 倫尼希) shuō (said 说 說/説): “Nèixiē yánjiū rényuán yǐwéi, yǐ tūpò (tū·pò {chimney → [dashing forward]} · {breaking → [through]} → [breaking through] 突破) chuántǒng (chuán·tǒng {passed on} · {gathered together (things) → [interconnected system]} → [traditional] 传统 傳統) de (’s 的) fāngfǎ (fāng·fǎ direction · method 方法) fányǎn (fán·yǎn {to multiply} · {to spread out} 繁衍) dòng‐zhíwù de shíhou láidào le. Tāmen yǐwéi, tōngguò xuǎnzé hé yòudǎo yǒulì de tūbiàn, jiù néng fánzhí (fán·zhí propagate · breed 繁殖) chū ({to come out} 出) xīn (new 新) de (’s 的), jiàohǎo (jiào·hǎo {being compared → [comparatively]} · good → [better] 较好 較好) de (’s 的) dòng‐zhíwù lai.” Shìshí shang ((Shì·shí matter · {being solid} → [fact] 事实 事實) (shang upon 上) → [in fact]), yǒuxiē rén shènzhì xīwàng néng chǎnshēng quánxīn de wùzhǒng lai.

📖 📄 📘 [túpiàn (tú·piàn picture · {slice → [mw]} 图片 圖片) (jw.org)]

📖 📄 📘 Biànzhǒng (Biàn·zhǒng changed · kind → [mutant] 变种 變種) guǒyíng (guǒ·yíng fruit · flies 果蝇 果蠅) suīrán (suī·rán although · -ly 虽然 雖然) xíngzhuàng (forms 形状 形狀) bùtóng (bù·tóng not · {are the same} → [are different] 不同) le ({to completion} 了), dàn (yet 但) réngjiù (réng·jiù still · {(as in the) past} 仍旧 仍舊) shì (are 是) guǒyíng (guǒ·yíng fruit · flies 果蝇 果蠅)

📖 📄 📘 Ōuzhōu (Ōu·zhōu {European (abbr. for Ōuluóbā)} · Continent → [Europe (abbr. for Ōuluóbā Zhōu)] 欧洲 歐洲), Yàzhōu (Yà·zhōu {Asian (abbr. for Yàxìyà)} · Continent → [Asia (abbr. for Yàxìyà Zhōu)] 亚洲 亞洲), hé ({(together) with} → [and] 和 和/龢) Měiguó (Měi·guó American · Nation → [USA] 美国 美國) de (’s 的) kēxué‐jiā ((kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ists 家) → [scientists]) dédào (dé·dào got · {arriving at} 得到) dàliàng (dà·liàng large · amounts 大量) de (’ 的) jīnqián (jīn·qián {gold → [money]} · money 金钱 金錢) zīzhù (zī·zhù subsidizing · helping → [financial aid] 资助 資助), zhǎnkāi (zhǎn·kāi {to unfold} · {to be open} 展开 展開) yánjiū (yán·jiū {grinding → [researching]} · investigating → [research] 研究) jìhuà (jì·huà {calculatings → [plans]} · plannings → [plans] 计划 計劃/畫). Tāmen (Tā·men he/she · [pl] → [they] 他们 他們) yùnyòng gèzhǒng fāngfǎ, shēngchēng néng jiākuài dòng‐zhíwù jìnhuà de sùdù. Jīngguò sìshí duō nián de shēnrù yánjiū hòu, jiéguǒ zěnyàng ne? Yánjiū rényuán Bǐdé féng Sēnbùshī shuō: “Suīrán yòngle dàliàng jīnqián, chángshì tōngguò fúzhào [yòudǎo (yòu·dǎo {to induce} · {to guide} 诱导 誘導) tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變)] fánzhí (fán·zhí {to propagate} · {to breed} 繁殖) chūchǎn liàng yuè‐lái‐yuè ((yuè {jumping over} 越) (lái coming 来 來) (yuè {jumping over} 越)) → [more and more]) gāo (high 高) de (’s 的) dòng‐zhíwù, dàn dà‐bùfen shíyàn (shí·yàn {solidly → [truly]} · testing (attempts) → [experiments] 实验 實驗) dōu (even 都) bù (not 不) chénggōng.” Lúnníxī (Lönnig 伦尼希 倫尼希) shuō (said 说 說/説): “Dàole 20 shìjì 80 niándài (nián·dài years · {replacing → [generation] → [period]} → [decade] 年代), shìjiè gèdì de yánjiū dōu yǐ shībài gàozhōng. Kēxué‐jiā‐men de (’s 的) xīwàng (xī·wàng hopings · {gazings (into the distance) → [hopings]} → [hopes] 希望) dōu (all 都) huànmiè (huàn·miè {being fantasies} · {were extinguished} → [vanished into thin air] 幻灭 幻滅) le ([indicates a change] 了), xìngzhì (xìng·zhì excitement · delivered 兴致 興致) dōu (all 都) xiāoshī (xiāo·shī disappeared · {was lost} 消失) le ([indicates a change] 了). Zài xīfāng guójiā, rénmen fàngqìle yòubiàn (yòu·biàn {inducing of} · changing → [mutating] 诱变 誘變) yùzhǒng (yù·zhǒng {giving birth to} · breeds → [breeding] 育种 育種) zhèige (zhèi·ge this · [mw] 这个 這個) dúlì de yánjiū fēnzhī (fēn·zhī {divided off} · branch → [branch] 分支). Jīhū (Jī·hū almost · -ly 几乎 幾乎) suǒyǒu (suǒ·yǒu {(all) which} · {(there) were having} → [all] 所有) yòubiàn (yòu·biàn induced · {to be changed} → [mutated] 诱变 誘變) shēngwù (shēng·wù living · things 生物)…yào‐bu‐shì shēngmìng lì bǐ yuánlái de shēngwù cuìruò (cuì·ruò {were (more) fragile} · {were (more) weak} 脆弱), jiùshì gēnběn huó buliǎo.” *

📖 📄 📘 Suīrán (Suī·rán although · -ly 虽然 雖然) rúcǐ (rú·cǐ {(it) is like} · this 如此), kēxué‐jiā ((kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ists 家) → [scientists]) cóng (from 从 從) jìn (close → [recent] 近) bǎi (hundred 百) nián (years 年 年/秊) de (’ 的) tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changing → [mutation] 突变 突變) yánjiū (yán·jiū {grinding → [researching]} · investigating → [research] 研究) hé ({(together) with} → [and] 和 和/龢) qīshí (qī·shí seven · tens → [seventy] 七十) nián (years 年 年/秊) de (’ 的) yòubiàn (yòu·biàn {inducing of} · changing → [mutating] 诱变 誘變) yùzhǒng (yù·zhǒng {giving birth to} · breeds → [breeding] 育种 育種) què (indeed 却 卻) shōují (shōu·jí {have received → [have gathered]} · {have gathered} 收集) dào ({arriving at} 到) bùshǎo (bù·shǎo not · little 不少) shùjù (shù·jù numbers · evidence → [data] 数据 數據), zúyǐ (zú·yǐ enough · {in order to} 足以) jiù (regarding 就) tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) néngfǒu (néng·fǒu {are able} · {(or) not} 能否) chǎnshēng xīn wùzhǒng yí shì zuòchū jiélùn. Lúnníxī (Lönnig 伦尼希 倫尼希) chákǎoguo zhèngjù hòu, déchū yǐxià de jiélùn: “Tūbiàn (Tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) bùnéng (bù·néng not · can → [cannot] 不能) bǎ (hold 把) yuányǒu (yuán·yǒu originally · {(there) was having} → [original] 原有) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) [dòngwù (dòng·wù moving · thing → [animal] 动物 動物) huò (or 或) zhíwù (zhí·wù planted · thing → [plant] 植物)] biànchéng (biàn·chéng {to be transformed} · {to turn into} 变成 變成) lìng (another 另) yí (one 一) ge ([mw] 个 個/个) quánxīn (quán·xīn entirely · new 全新) de (’s 的) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種). Zhèige jiélùn gēn kēxué‐jiā zài 20 shìjì yánjiū tūbiàn suǒ dédào de jīngyàn hé jiéguǒ wěnhé, gēn huòrán lǜ de jìsuàn yě xiāngfú.”

📖 📄 📘 Suǒyǐ (Suǒ·yǐ {that which} · {is the reason} → [so] 所以), tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) néng (can 能) bunéng (bu·néng (or) not · can → [(or) cannot] 不能) shǐ (cause 使) yí (one 一) ge ([mw] 个 個/个) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) yǎnbiàn (yǎn·biàn {to perform} · changing → [to evolve] 演变 演變) chéng ({to turn into} 成) lìng (another 另) yí (one 一) lèi ({kind of} 类 類) quánxīn (quán·xīn completely · new 全新) de (’s 的) shēngwù (shēng·wù living · thing 生物) ne ([? ptcl] 呢)? Zhèngjù (evidence 证据 證/証據) xiǎnshì (xiǎn·shì {to be evident} · shows 显示 顯示), bùnéng (bù·néng (they) not · can → [(they) cannot] 不能)! Lúnníxī (Lönnig 伦尼希 倫尼希) gēnjù yánjiū jiéguǒ, zuòchū de jiélùn shì: “Bùtóng (Bù·tóng not · {the same} → [different] 不同) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) yǒu (have 有) bùtóng (bù·tóng not · {the same} → [different] 不同) jīyīn ({genes (loanword)} 基因), jièxiàn fēnmíng. Wùzhǒng zhījiān quèshí cúnyǒu jièxiàn, shì (are 是) yìwài (yì·wài {thinking → [expecting]} · outside → [unexpected] 意外) de (’s 的) tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) bùnéng (bù·néng not · can → [cannot] 不能) chúqu (chú·qu remove · {to go → [away]} 除去), wúfǎ (wú·fǎ {do not have} · way (to) → [cannot] 无法 無法) yúyuè (yú·yuè {go beyond} · {get/jump over} → [transgress] 逾越 逾/踰越) de (’ 的).”

📖 📄 📘 Qǐng (please 请 請) xiǎngxiang (xiǎng·xiang {think about} · {think about} 想想) yǐshàng (yǐ·shàng at · above’s 以上) shìshí (shì·shí matters · {being solid} → [facts] 事实 事實) de (’ 的) hányì (hán·yì {held in the mouth → [contained]} · meanings → [implications] 含/涵意). Kēxué‐jiā ((Kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ists 家) → [scientists]) xùnliàn‐yǒusù ((xùn·liàn {being taught} · {being trained} 训练 訓練)‐(yǒu·sù having · essence → [always or usually as specified] 有素) → [being well-trained]), shàngqiě (shàng·qiě still · even 尚且) bùnéng (bù·néng not · {are able} 不能) tōngguò (tōng·guò through · passing → [passing through] → [through] 通过 通過) xuǎnzé (selecting 选择 選擇) bìng ({side by side with} 并 並/竝/并) yòudǎo (yòu·dǎo inducing · guiding 诱导 誘導) yǒulì (yǒu·lì having · benefit 有利) de (’s 的) tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) qù ({to go} 去) chǎnshēng (chǎn·shēng {to give birth to → [to produce]} · {to give birth to → [to cause to exist]} → [to produce] 产生 產生) xīn (new 新) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) lai ({to come (to be)} 来 來), nàme (nà·me {(in) that (case) → [then]} · [suf] 那么/末 那麼/末) yí (one 一) ge ([mw] 个 個/个) bú (not 不) shèjí zhìhuì de guòchéng néng chǎnshēng gèng lǐxiǎng de jiéguǒ ma? Jìrán yánjiū xiǎnshì tūbiàn bùnéng shǐ yuányǒu wùzhǒng biànchéng quánxīn wùzhǒng, nàme dà (big → [macro] 大)‐jìnhuà (jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化) yòu zěnme kěnéng fāshēng ne?

📖 📄 📘 Jiǎshè (Jiǎ·shè Artificial · {Setting Up} → [Hypothesis] 假设 假設) 2. Zìrán (Zì·rán naturally · so → [natural] 自然) xuǎnzé (selecting → [selection] 选择 選擇) néng (can 能) chǎnshēng (chǎn·shēng {give birth to → [produce]} · {give birth to → [generate]} → [produce] 产生 產生) xīn (new 新) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種). Dáʼěrwén (Darwin 达尔文 達爾文) suǒ ({that which (he)} 所) shuō ({spoke of} 说 說/説) de (’s 的) zìrán (zì·rán naturally · so → [natural] 自然) xuǎnzé (selecting → [selection] 选择 選擇), jiùshì (jiù·shì exactly · is 就是) suǒyǒu (suǒ·yǒu {(all) which} · {(there) are having} → [all] 所有) shēngwù (shēng·wù living · things 生物) zài (in 在) shēngcún (shēng·cún living · surviving 生存) dòuzhēng (dòu·zhēng fighting · contending → [struggle] 斗争 鬥爭) zhōng (within 中) shìzhě (shì·zhě fit · ones 适者 適/适者) shēngcún (shēng·cún live · survive 生存), búshìyìngzhě bèi táotài de guòchéng. Xiàndài zhīchí jìnhuà lùn de rén rènwéi, dāng shēngwù fēnsàn dào bùtóng dìyù ér gūlì qilai shí, yǒuxiē shēngwù jiù huì chūxiàn jīyīn tūbiàn, hǎo shìyìng xīn huánjìng, jìxù shēngcún. Zhīchí jìnhuà lùn de rén shēngchēng, zhèixiē shēngwù zhújiàn jìnhuà, zuìzhōng yǎnbiàn chéng quánxīn de wùzhǒng.

📖 📄 📘 Shìshí (Shì·shí matters · {being solid} → [facts] 事实 事實). Shàngwén (Shàng·wén above · writing → [preceding text] 上文) yǐ (already 已) tíguo (tí·guo {carrying (hanging down from the hand) → [mentioning]} · passed → [mentioned] 提过 提過), kēxué‐jiā ((kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ists 家) → [scientists]) cóng (from 从 從) yánjiū (yán·jiū {grinding → [researching]} · investigating → [research] 研究) dédào (dé·dào {have gotten} · {arriving at} 得到) de (’s 的) zhèngjù (evidence 证据 證/証據), chōngfèn (chōng·fèn {(of) full} · portion → [fully] 充分/份) xiǎnshì (xiǎn·shì {to be evident} · shows 显示 顯示) tūbiàn (tū·biàn {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · changings → [mutations] 突变 突變) bùnéng (bù·néng not · can → [cannot] 不能) chǎnshēng (chǎn·shēng {give birth to → [produce]} · {give birth to → [generate]} → [produce] 产生 產生) quánxīn (quán·xīn entirely · new 全新) de (’s 的) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種). Kěshì (Kě·shì however · {(it) is (the case)} 可是), zhīchí jìnhuà lùn de rén què réngrán shēngchēng, shēngwù rúguǒ jīnglì yǒulì de tūbiàn, jiù huì tōngguò zìrán xuǎnzé yǎnbiàn chéng xīn wùzhǒng. Tāmen dàodǐ tíchū shénme zhèngjù lái zhīchí zhèi zhǒng shuōfa ne? Měiguó (Měi·guó American · Nation → [USA] 美国 美國) Guójiā Kēxué Yuàn ((Guó·jiā Nation · Family → [National] 国家 國家) (Kē·xué {Branches of Study} · Learning → [Sciences] 科学 科學) (Yuàn Compound → [Academy] 院) → [National Academy of Sciences (NAS)]) yú 1999 nián chūbǎn de cèzi tíchū yí ge lìzi, jiùshì “Dá’ěrwén zài Jiālāpàgēsī Qúndǎo yánjiūguo de 13 zhǒng niǎo, xiàn chēngwéi Dá’ěrwén niǎo”.

📖 📄 📘 20 shìjì (shì·jì generation · era → [century] 世纪 世紀) 70 niándài (nián·dài years · {replacing → [generation] → [period]} → [decade] 年代), Měiguó (Měi·guó American · Nation → [USA] 美国 美國) Pǔlínsīdùn (Princeton 普林斯顿 普林斯頓) Dàxué (Dà·xué {Big → [Great]} · {Learning (Place) → [School]} → [University] 大学 大學) de (’s 的) Bǐdé (Peter 彼得) Gélántè (Grant 格兰特 格蘭特) hé ({(together) with} → [and] 和 和/龢) qīzi (qī·zi wife · [suf for nouns] 妻子) Luósīmǎlì (Rosemary 罗斯玛丽 羅斯瑪麗) lǐngdǎo (led 领导 領導) yí (one 一) ge ([mw] 个 個/个) yánjiū (yán·jiū {grinding → [studying]} · investigating → [research] 研究) xiǎozǔ (xiǎo·zǔ small · group 小组 小組), duì (towards 对 對) Dáʼěrwén (Darwin’s 达尔文 達爾文) niǎo (birds 鸟 鳥) zhǎnkāi (zhǎn·kāi unfolded · {to be open} 展开 展開) yánjiū (yán·jiū {grinding → [studying]} · investigating → [studying] 研究). Tāmen (Tā·men he/she · [pl] → [they] 他们 他們) fāxiàn, zài yì nián hànzāi zhīhòu, dǎo shang nèixiē huì jiào dà de niǎo cúnhuó lǜ bǐ huì jiào xiǎo de gāo. Yóuyú rénmen zhǔyào yǐ niǎohuì de xíngzhuàng hé dàxiǎo lái biànrèn nèi 13 zhǒng niǎo, tāmen rènwéi zhèige fāxiàn yìyì zhòngdà. Měiguó (Měi·guó American · Nation → [USA] 美国 美國) Guójiā Kēxué Yuàn ((Guó·jiā Nation · Family → [National] 国家 國家) (Kē·xué {Branches of Study} · Learning → [Sciences] 科学 科學) (Yuàn Compound → [Academy] 院) → [National Academy of Sciences (NAS)]) chūbǎn de cèzi shuō: “Dāngshí Gélántè fūfù gūjì, rúguǒ Jiālāpàgēsī Qúndǎo měi shí nián fāshēng yí cì hànzāi, yěxǔ zài èrbǎi nián hòu jiù huì chūxiàn yí ge xīn wùzhǒng, yì zhǒng xīn de niǎo.”

📖 📄 📘 Kěshì (Kě·shì however · {(it) is (the case)} 可是), zhèi (this 这 這) běn ({root or stem of a} → [mw for books, etc.] 本) cèzi (cè·zi brochure · [suf for nouns] 册子 冊子) bìng (actually 并 並/竝/并) méiyǒu (méi·yǒu not · has 没有 沒有) tídào (tí·dào {carried (hanging down from the hand) → [mentioned]} · {arriving at} → [mentioned] 提到), zài (in 在) hànzāi (hàn·zāi drought · calamity → [drought] 旱灾 旱災) fāshēng (fā·shēng {issued forth} · {came to life} → [happened] 发生 發生) zhīhòu (zhī·hòu ’s · {after (that)} 之后 之後) jǐ (few 几 幾) nián (years 年 年/秊), huì (beaks 喙) jiào ({being compared} → [comparatively] 较 較) xiǎo ({were small(er)} 小) de (’s 的) niǎo (birds 鸟 鳥) shùmù (shù·mù number · items → [numbers] 数目 數目) zàidù shàngshēng, bǐ huì jiào dà de wéi duō. Yánjiū rényuán fāxiàn, dāng dǎo shang de qìhòu gǎibiàn, nèi yì nián huì jiào cháng de niǎo de shùmù jiù zēngduō, dàn jiēzhe de yì nián huì jiào xiǎo de niǎo de shùmù yòu huíshēng, bǐ huì jiào cháng de duō. Yánjiū rényuán yě liúyì dào, yǒu jǐ ge “wùzhǒng” de niǎo chūxiàn zájiāo qíngkuàng, ér hòudài de cúnhuó lǜ bǐjiào gāo. Yúshì, tāmen zuòchū jiélùn: Rúguǒ niǎor jìxù zájiāo, yěxǔ liǎng ge “wùzhǒng” de niǎo jiù huì hé‐ér‐wéi‐yī, chéngwéi (chéng·wéi becoming · {to be} 成为 成為) yí (one 一) ge ([mw] 个 個/个) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種).

📖 📄 📘 [túpiàn (tú·piàn picture · {slice → [mw]} 图片 圖片) (jw.org)]

📖 📄 📘 Dáʼěrwén (Darwin’s 达尔文 達爾文) niǎo (birds 鸟 鳥) chōng‐qí‐liàng zhǐ (merely 只 只/秖/衹/祇) shuōmíng (shuō·míng {speak of → [explain]} · {to be clear} 说明 說/説明) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) nénggòu (néng·gòu {are able} · enough 能够 能夠) shìyìng (shì·yìng appropriately · {to respond to} → [to adapt to] 适应 適應) qìhòu (qì·hòu {air → [weather]} · conditions → [climates] 气候 氣候) de (’ 的) gǎibiàn (changings 改变 改變)

📖 📄 📘 Suǒyǐ (Suǒ·yǐ {that which} · {is the reason} → [so] 所以), zìrán (zì·rán naturally · so → [natural] 自然) xuǎnzé (selecting → [selection] 选择 選擇) zhēnde (zhēn·de really · ’s 真的) néng (can 能) chǎnshēng (chǎn·shēng {give birth to → [produce]} · {give birth to → [generate]} → [produce] 产生 產生) xīn (new 新) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) ma ([? ptcl for “yes/no” questions] 吗 嗎)? Jǐshí nián qián, zhīchí jìnhuà lùn de shēngwùxuéjiā Qiáozhì Kèlǐsītuōfú Wēiliánsī jiù zhìyí zìrán xuǎnzé yǒu méiyǒu zhèi zhǒng nénglì. 1999 nián, jìnhuà lùn lǐlùnjiā Jiéfúlǐ Shīwǎcí shuō, zìrán xuǎnzé de zuòyòng kěnéng shì xiézhù wùzhǒng shìyìng búduàn gǎibiàn de huánjìng, yǐqiú jìxù shēngcún, ér bú shì chǎnshēng shénme xīn dōngxi lai.

📖 📄 📘 Méi (not 没 沒) cuò ({is staggered} → [is wrong] 错 錯), Dáʼěrwén (Darwin’s 达尔文 達爾文) niǎo (birds 鸟 鳥) bìng (actually 并 並/竝/并) méiyǒu (méi·yǒu not · had 没有 沒有) yǎnbiàn (yǎn·biàn performed · changing → [evolved] 演变 演變) chéng ({to turn into} 成) “shénme (shén·me {what → [any]} · [suf] 什么 什/甚麼) xīn (new 新) dōngxi (dōng·xi east · west → [thing] 东西 東西)”. Niǎo (birds 鸟 鳥) réngjiù (réng·jiù still · {(as in the) past} 仍旧 仍舊) shì (are 是) niǎo (birds 鸟 鳥). Tāmen (Tā·men it · [pl] → [they] 它们 它/牠們) zájiāo zhèi jiàn shì, yě lìng rén zhìyí yìxiē zhīchí jìnhuà lùn de rén jièdìng “wùzhǒng” de fāngfǎ. Cǐwài, shàngwén yě bàolùle yí ge shìshí: Jiùsuàn shì yǒu shēngwàng de kēxué yánjiū yuàn, bàodǎo zhèngjù shí yě kěnéng yǒusuǒ piānchā, búgòu quánmiàn.

📖 📄 📘 Jiǎshè (Jiǎ·shè Artificial · {Setting Up} → [Hypothesis] 假设 假設) 3. Huàshí (Huà·shí {transformed into} · rock (thing) → [fossil] 化石) jìlù (record 记/纪录 記/紀錄) néng (can 能) zhèngmíng (zhèng·míng prove · {to be clear} 证明 證明) dà (big → [macro] 大)‐jìnhuà (jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化) què (really 确 確) céng (has 曾) fāshēng (fā·shēng {issued forth} · {come to life} → [happened] 发生 發生). Shàngwén (Shàng·wén above · writing → [preceding text] 上文) tídào (tí·dào {carried (hanging down from the hand) → [raised]} · {arriving at} → [mentioned] 提到) de (’s 的) Měiguó (Měi·guó American · Nation → [USA] 美国 美國) Guójiā Kēxué Yuàn ((Guó·jiā Nation · Family → [National] 国家 國家) (Kē·xué {Branches of Study} · Learning → [Sciences] 科学 科學) (Yuàn Compound → [Academy] 院) → [National Academy of Sciences (NAS)]) chūbǎn (chū·bǎn {put out} · {printing block of → [edition of]} → [published] 出版) de (’s 的) cèzi (cè·zi brochure · [suf for nouns] 册子 冊子), yě (also 也) lìng (commanded → [made] 令) dúzhě yǐwéi kēxué‐jiā fāxiànle jùliàng huàshí, zú yǐ zhèngmíng dà jìnhuà què céng fāshēng. Zhèi běn cèzi shuō: “Wǒmen fāxiànle xǔxǔ‐duōduō chǔyú guòdù jiēduàn de shēngwù, yǒu jièhū yúlèi hé liǎngqī lèi de, yǒu jièhū liǎngqī lèi hé páchóng lèi de, yǒu jièhū páchóng lèi hé bǔrǔ lèi de, háiyǒu jièhū língzhǎng lèi hé rénlèi de. Yīncǐ, dāng yí ge wùzhǒng zhèngzài yǎnbiàn chéng lìng yí ge wùzhǒng shí, yào bǎ shēngwù fēn‐mén‐bié‐lèi wǎngwǎng hěn kùnnan.”

📖 📄 📘 [túpiàn (tú·piàn picture · {slice → [mw]} 图片 圖片) (jw.org)]

📖 📄 📘 Shìshí (Shì·shí matters · {being solid} → [facts] 事实 事實). Yǐshàng (Yǐ·shàng at · above 以上) zhèi (this 这 這) fān ([mw for speech utterances] 番) huà (words 话 話) shuōde (shuō·de {was spoken} · getting 说得 說得) shà‐yǒu‐jiè‐shì ((shà {evil spirit} → [very much] 煞)‐(yǒu {to be having} 有)‐(jiè upright 介)‐(shì matter 事) → [to be making a show of being in earnest]), shízài (shí·zài {solidly → [truly]} · presently 实在 實在) lìng (commanding → [causing] 令) rén (people 人) jīngqí (jīng·qí {to be startled} · {(to consider it) strange} 惊奇 驚奇). Wèishénme (Wèi·shén·me for · what · [suf] → [why] 为什么 為什/甚麼) ne ([? ptcl] 呢)? Nài’ěrsī Āiʼěrdéléiqí duì jìnhuà lùn shēnxìn‐bù‐yí, què zhǐchū huàshí jìlù xiǎnshì de, bú shì shēngwù suí niányue zhújiàn gǎibiàn, ér shì zài yōucháng de suìyuè li, “dàduō shù wùzhǒng dōu jīhū méiyǒu gǎibiàn, shènzhì sīháo méi gǎibiànguo, méi jìnhuàguo”.*

📖 📄 📘 Gēnjù (Gēn·jù {(at) root} · {according to} → [based on] 根据 根據) huàshí (huà·shí {transformed into} · rock (thing) → [fossil] 化石) jìlù (record 记/纪录 記/紀錄), suǒyǒu (suǒ·yǒu {(all) which} · {(there) are having} → [all] 所有) zhǔyào (zhǔ·yào {master → [mainly]} · important → [major] 主要) de (’s 的) dòngwù (dòng·wù moving · thing → [animal] 动物 動物) qún (groups 群 群/羣) shì (were 是) tūrán (tū·rán {chimney → [dashing forward] → [sudden]} · -ly 突然) chūxiàn (chū·xiàn {put out} · appearing 出现 出現) de ({’s (things)} 的), érqiě (ér·qiě and · moreover 而且) gēnběn (gēn·běn {root (of a plant)} · {root or stem of a plant} → [basically] 根本) méi ({have not} 没 沒) gǎibiànguo (gǎibiàn·guo changing · passed → [changed] 改变过 改變過)

📖 📄 📘 Dào ({having arrived at} 到) mùqián (mù·qián eyes · before → [the present] 目前) wéizhǐ (wéi·zhǐ {to serve as} · stopping → [up to that] 为止 為止), shìjiè (shì·jiè {generation → [world]} · extent → [world] 世界) gèdì (gè·dì each · land 各地) de (’s 的) kēxué‐jiā ((kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ists 家) → [scientists]) fājuéle (fā·jué·le {{have sent out → [have generated]} · {digging (out) of} → [have unearthed]} · [indicates a change] 发掘了 發掘了) dàyuē (dà·yuē largely · approximately 大约 大約) èryì (èr·yì two · {hundred million} 二亿 二億) kuài ({pieces of} 块 塊) dà (large 大) huàshí (huà·shí {transformed into} · rock (things) → [fossils] 化石) hé ({(together) with} → [and] 和 和/龢) duō ({(so) numerous} 多) búshèng (bú·shèng (one) not · {does win victory over} → [(one) cannot bear] 不胜 不勝) shǔ ({to count} 数 數) de (’s 的) wēi (tiny 微) tǐ (body 体 體/体/躰) huàshí (huà·shí {transformed into} · rock (things) → [fossils] 化石), bìng ({side by side with} 并 並/竝/并) yǐ (already 已) tì tāmen biānzhì mùlù. Xǔduō yánjiū rényuán tóngyì, jùliàng ér xiángxì de jìlù xiǎnshì: Suǒyǒu zhǔyào de dòngwù qún dōu shì tūrán chūxiàn de, érqiě méiyǒu gǎibiànguo; xǔduō wùzhǒng tūrán xiāoshī, jiù xiàng tāmen tūrán chūxiàn nàyàng.

### 📖 📄 📘 Jìnhuà‐Lùn ((Jìn·huà {to Advance} · Transforming → [Evolution] 进化 進化)‐(Lùn Discussing → [Theory] 论 論) → [Evolution])—Yì (One 一) Zhǒng ({Type of} 种 種/种) Xìnyǎng (Xìn·yǎng Believing · {Looking Up to} → [“Faith”] 信仰) 🔼

📖 📄 📘 [túpiàn (tú·piàn picture · {slice → [mw]} 图片 圖片) (jw.org)]

📖 📄 📘 Xǔduō (Xǔ·duō numbers · many 许多 許多) zhīchí (zhī·chí support · {hold → [support]} 支持) jìnhuà‐lùn ((jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化)‐(lùn discussing → [theory] 论 論) → [evolution]) de (’s 的) zhùmíng (zhù·míng (has) {shown → [outstanding]} · name → [well-known] 著名) kēxué‐jiā ((kē·xué {branches of study} · learning → [science] 科学 科學)‐(jiā -ists 家) → [scientists]), dōu (even 都) jiānchí (jiān·chí firmly · hold → [insist] 坚持 堅持) dà (big → [macro] 大) jìnhuà (jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolving] 进化 進化) què (really 确 確) céng (has 曾) fāshēng (fā·shēng {issued forth} · {come to life} → [happened] 发生 發生), wèishénme (wèi·shén·me for · what · [suf] → [why] 为什么 為什/甚麼) ne ([? ptcl] 呢)? Zhīchí jìnhuà lùn de Lǐchádé Láiwēngdēng shì ge bèi shòu zūnzhòng de kēxué‐jiā, tā tǎnyán xǔduō kēxué‐jiā dōu gānyuàn jiēshòu yìxiē wèi jīng zhèngshí de jiǎshuō, “yīnwei wǒmen rèndìng wéiwù lùn shì zhèngquè wúwù de”.* Dàodǐ yǒu méiyǒu cōnghuì fēifán de Shèjìzhě? Zhèige wèntí xǔduō kēxué‐jiā gēnběn búxiè‐yí‐gù. Wèishénme ne? Láiwēngdēng shuō: “Wǒmen bùnéng róngxǔ Shàngdì tàjìn kēxué zhī mén lai ({to come} 来 來).”

📖 📄 📘 Guānyú (Guān·yú {closing → [relating]} · to 关于 關於) zhèi (this 这 這) diǎn (point 点 點), Kēxué (Kē·xué {Branches of Study} · Learning → [Scientific] 科学 科學) Měiguórén (Měi·guó·rén American · Nation · Person → [American] 美国人 美國人) (Yīngyǔ (Yīng·yǔ English · language 英语 英語)) céng (has 曾) yǐnshù (yǐn·shù quoting · stated 引述) shèhuìxuéjiā Luódéní Sītǎ’ěrkè de huà, tā shuō: “Guòqù èrbǎi nián, rénmen yìzhí gǔchuī yì zhǒng sīxiǎng, jiùshì: Yào jiǎngqiú kēxué, jiù bìxū bǎituō zōngjiào de shùfù.” Sītǎ’ěrkè yě shuō, zài yìxiē zhuānmén cóngshì yánjiū de dàxué, “xìnfèng zōngjiào de rén dōu juékǒu‐bù‐tí Shàngdì”.

📖 📄 📘 Yào ({(if you) want} 要) jiēshòu (jiē·shòu {to receive} · {to accept} 接受) dà (big → [macro] 大)‐jìnhuà (jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化) què (really 确 確) céng (has 曾) fāshēng (fā·shēng {issued forth} · {come to life} → [happened] 发生 發生), jiù (then 就) bìxū ((you) must 必须 必須) xiāngxìn (xiāng·xìn them · believe → [believe] 相信) jǐ ({a few} 几 幾) jiàn ({items of} → [mw] 件) shì (things 事). Shǒuxiān (Shǒu·xiān first · beforehand 首先), yào ((you) must 要) xiāngxìn (xiāng·xìn it · believe → [believe] 相信) nèixiē (nèi·xiē that · {indefinite number of} → [those] 那些) jiānchí (jiān·chí firmly · hold → [adhere to] 坚持 堅持) wúshén lùn hé bùkězhī lùn de kēxué‐jiā, rèndìng tāmen búhuì ràng gèrén xìnniàn yǐngxiǎng zìjǐ duì kēxué fāxiàn de jiěshì. Qícì, yào xiāngxìn suǒyǒu fùzá de shēngwù dōu shì tōngguò tūbiàn hé zìrán xuǎnzé chǎnshēng de, jǐnguǎn shìshí shì, jīngguò jìn bǎinián de yánjiū, jiéguǒ xiǎnshì tūbiàn cóng méiyǒu lìng yí ge wùzhǒng biànchéng lìng yí ge quánxīn de wùzhǒng. Zuìhòu, yào xiāngxìn suǒyǒu shēngwù dōu shì cóng tóngyī zǔxiān zhújiàn jìnhuà ér lái, jǐnguǎn shìshí shì, huàshí jìlù chōngfèn xiǎnshì gè dà lèi de dòng‐zhíwù dōu shì tūrán chūxiàn de, bìng méiyǒu jìnhuà chéng biéde zhǒnglèi, jīngguò yōucháng de suìyuè yě méiyǒu zěnme gǎibiànguo. Zhème kànlai, nǐ rènwéi dà‐jìnhuà de shuōfa shì yǒu shìshí gēnjù de ma? Háishi chúnshǔ jiǎshè ne? Yào xiāngxìn jìnhuà lùn, quèshí xūyào yǒu “xìnxīn” cái xíng.

### 📖 📄 📘 Nǐ (You 你) Huì (Would 会 會) Zěnyàng (Zěn·yàng What · {Form → [Way]} → [How] 怎样 怎樣) Huídá (Huí·dá {Circle Back} · {to Answer} 回答)?

- 📖 📄 📘 Rúguǒ (Rú·guǒ if · {fruit → [if indeed]} 如果) yǒu ({(there) is having} 有) rén (person 人) shuō (saying 说 說/説), jìrán (jì·rán since · -ly 既然) yǒu ({(there) is having} 有) zhèngjù (evidence 证据 證/証據) biǎomíng (biǎo·míng showing · {to be clear} 表明) suǒwèi (suǒ·wèi {that which} · {is said to be → [is called]} → [so-called] 所谓 所謂) de (’s 的) wēi (tiny → [micro] 微)‐jìnhuà (jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化) céngjīng (céng·jīng has · {gone through} 曾经 曾經) fāshēng (fā·shēng {issuing forth} · {coming to life} → [happening] 发生 發生), dà (big → [macro] 大)‐jìnhuà (jìn·huà {to advance} · transforming → [evolution] 进化 進化) yě (also 也) jiù (then 就) què (really 确 確) céng (has 曾) fāshēng (fā·shēng {issued forth} · {come to life} → [happened] 发生 發生), nǐ (you 你) huì (would 会 會) zěnyàng (zěn·yàng what · {form → [way]} → [how] 怎样 怎樣) huídá (huí·dá {circle back} · {to answer} 回答) ne ([? ptcl] 呢)?
- 📖 📄 📘 Huàshí (Huà·shí {transformed into} · rock (thing) → [fossil] 化石) jìlù (record 记/纪录 記/紀錄) xiǎnshì (xiǎn·shì {to be evident} · shows 显示 顯示), zài (in 在) yōucháng (yōu·cháng {remote (in time)} · long 悠长 悠長) de (’s 的) suìyuè (suì·yuè {years (of age)} · {moons → [months]} 岁月 歲月) li (inside 里 裡/裏) dàduō shù ((dà·duō {big(ger) → [great(er)]} · {(more) numerous} → [most] 大多) (shù {number of} 数 數) → [great majority of]) wùzhǒng (wù·zhǒng {thing → [creature]} · species → [species] 物种 物種) dōu (even 都) méi ({had not} 没 沒) zěnme (zěn·me however · [suf] → [in any way] 怎么 怎麼/麽) gǎibiànguo (gǎibiàn·guo changing · passed → [changed] 改变过 改變過), wèishénme (wèi·shén·me for · what · [suf] → [why] 为什么 為什/甚麼) zhèi (this 这 這) diǎn (point 点 點) zhíde (zhí·de {is worth} · getting → [is worth] 值得) zhùyì (zhù·yì {pouring (into a container) → [concentrating]} · attention (on) → [paying attention to] 注意)?